Essay on From Fear to Courage - 1195 Words

From Fear to Courage When new soldiers go to fight in a war, they never know what’s coming. Although events are preserved in stories by the veterans, nothing can capture the real thing. Seeing everything up close and personal can change a person dramatically. Soldiers may never be the same after traumatic events such as these. Wars test a person and shows how strong not just physically, but mentally, one is. Stephen Crane, throughout his novel, The Red Badge of Courage, creates three distinct tones by utilizing the stylistic devices of imagery and figurative language, which reinforce Crane’s fearful, unworthy and courageous attitude on the realities of war. In the novel, fear is one of the very first tones viewed as one begins the†¦show more content†¦As Crane describes the Confederates as ‘dragons’ and ‘monsters’, it gives one a fearful image and can make him feel anxious or afraid. Dragons and monsters are always seen in a dau nting view. In chapter seven, Crane uses this fear and attempts to channel this tone through the reader. Crane successfully has the reader engaged in the writing while be able to feel what Henry must be feeling. However, in chapter ten, Crane helps readers visualize a different tone. As for chapter ten, that stuck out to some was unworthiness. To feel unworthy is not a pleasant feeling. It is like one is without value or just undeserving, and no one wants to feel like that. When people head to war, during this time period, they would head to war without any training. All the government wanted was numbers, and fast. So they would get deployed, and that’s that. But when it is just an eighteen or nineteen year old kid, he may feel provincial when he is surrounded by veterans who know and have seen death, while the kid is still scared out of his mind by it. Through imagery, Crane is able to express this tone clearly. â€Å"He now thought that he wished he was dead. H e believed that he envied those men whose bodies lay strewn over the grass of the fields and on the fallen leaves of the forest† (Crane 46). Henry wants to just drop dead more than anything here. He does not feel he really deserves to be alive because he has not done anything forShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Time Of The Butterflies 969 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Mirabal sisters use courage in the novel? The Courage of the Butterflies If the average person wanted to stand up to adversity, would they have the courage to do it? In the historical-fiction novel, In the Time of the Butterflies by Julia Alvarez, the four Mirabal sisters (Dedà ©, Minerva, Marà ­a, and Patria) stand up to adversity and join a revolution against the tyrannical Trujillo regime in the Dominican Republic. In their own time, all of the sisters gain the courage to join the revolution andRead MoreThe Importance Of Integrity And Integrity, Courage, And Wisdom Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pagesachieve a goal, which is at the core of being a leader. The most effective leaders recognize how to influence subordinates while moving forward with an effective plan that will benefit all involved. The three most important concepts from Chapter 3 and 4 are integrity, courage, and wisdom. Group Consensus Integrity Integrity is an essential character quality that defines an effective leader. Integrity is a unifying element; it means more than telling the truth. Integrity is concerned with right andRead MoreMahatma Gandhi : The Most Complex Kind Of Bravery1716 Words   |  7 PagesTo Stand Alone Mahatma Gandhi once remarked, â€Å"It is easy to stand in the crowd but it takes courage to stand alone,† (â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi Quotes†) The powerful words of Indian independence activist Gandhi ring in the ears of people around the world, even seventy-five years after his assassination. Throughout his life, people revered the Hindu leader for his peaceful, strong protests, as well as, his courage. Proceeding humbly in his life efforts, Gandhi the most complex kind of bravery as he led othersRead MoreSocrates s Effect On The Heart Of The Soul1387 Words   |  6 Pagesdesire, and fear, Laches claims that endurance of the soul is a case that occurs in all of these matters (191e4-192b2). To prove that Laches new answer cannot be right, Socrates starts by making a confirmation: â€Å"I think that you don’t regard every kind of endurance as courage. The reason I think so is this: I am fairly sure, Laches, that you regard courage as a very fine thing† (192c3- c5). Socrates goes on to explain that courage can coexist with wisdom and would become a fine thing, but courage can alsoRead MoreCourage Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesCourage is a necessity to overcome fears and achieve a desired goal. Fear is something that exists in all of us. There is no hero or any particular courageous figure that is without fear. Being fearless is not required to be courageous, one simply has to look past or overcome their fears to possess this great quality. When overcoming fears and going against the norm, there are always risks involved. There are different types of risks that come about. Someone could risk life or limb, while othersRead More To Kill A Mockingbird Essays: Great Courage1041 Words   |  5 PagesCourage in To Kill A Mockingbird nbsp; Courage is shown within the characters of To Kill A Mockingbird in several situations.nbsp; The characters are challenged to face danger or pain without fear.nbsp; The courage they display gives them strength and deepens their self-understanding as the novel progresses. nbsp; nbsp; Early in the novel, Scout illustrates the courage she embodies.nbsp; On her first day of school, Scout acts as an ambassador for the entire class.nbsp; She takes theRead MoreCourage Is Not The Threat Of Fear928 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"I learned that courage is not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear (Psychology Today)† Mandela s quote implies that true courage comes from allowing oneself to be vulnerable and face fear. In his facing the fear, he overcomes it and becomes courageous. When considering strength, courage, and vulnerability, in some ways they are all related as they all have a relation to fear. â€Å"A common misconception is thatRead MoreThe Red Badge Of Courage By Stephen Crane917 Words   |  4 PagesGrowing Up From Boys to Men Symbols and themes play a major role in novels. The symbols and themes can help with getting a better understanding in novels. One novel that has many symbols is The Red Badge Of Courage. The author of this novel is Stephen Crane and the genre is historical fiction. In the novel the main character is Henry Fleming. Henry is also known as The Youth. Henry joins the Union in the Civil War. Henry joined the army to have glory. When Henry first gets on the battle field heRead MoreThe Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber715 Words   |  3 Pageswere not foreseen, but the safari has a way of changing perspectives and opening up minds. Courage defined by the Merriam-Webster Website, is â€Å"mental or moral strength to venture, persevere, and withstand danger, fear or difficulty†. The Safari will definitely change Francis MaComber. Come let’s go on an adventure that will leave you thinking. The African Safari where life, marriage, infidelity and courage is lost and regained, but by what means, accident or a plot to kill. Francis MaComber is inRead MoreAll Dreams Can Come True If We Have Courage1402 Words   |  6 Pagestrue if we have the courage to pursue them.† Courage is something that everyone is born with, but only some are courageous enough to find it and put it to use. Merriam Webster s defines courage as â€Å"Mental or moral strength to venture, persevere, and withstand danger, fear, or difficulty.† Courage can overcome any obstacle, proving that if we have courage any dream truly can come true. As readers we must understand that there are going to be times in life when we must use courage. By reading about

Hooking Up What Educators Need For Know - 954 Words

In Kathleen A. Bogle’s essay â€Å"Hooking Up: What Educators need to know† she talks about how in order to address the biggest problems in college campus life, such as alcohol abuse and sexual assaults, educators must first address the new hook-up culture. While Bogle may share several appeals to personal experiences college students go through, the lack of nearly any sources and facts causes the argument not to be a strong one. Being a college student myself, it is very easy to relate to and understand Bogle’s arguments about how hooking up can lead to alcohol abuse and sexual assaults. Even if this is true, an outsider s perspective can vary on whether they believe the argument Bogle presents or not. One example is a potential incoming student who is likely to be ignorant to anything about the hookup culture in college and might not believe Bogle’s argument without any solid facts or statistics. A different example could be a parent of a student may be swayed by the nervousness of the child being away to believe the extreme without any evidence. This is a vast downfall for this article due to the fact there is little proof or real life examples throughout it. Bogle explains how hooking up among college students can be directly related to alcohol consumption and abuse. It is noted that in what was considered the dating era that drinking was not the usual activity for couples to take part in, but now it’s how we meet people. She goes on to say â€Å"a student drinks too much,Show MoreRelated`` Hooking Up : What Educators Need For Know968 Words   |  4 Pagesher essay,† ‘Hooking Up’: What Educators Need to Know†, Kathleen A. Bogle illustrates that college students are having more casual sex aka †Hooking Up† (248). Also Educators need be able to tell the different of casual sex and sexual assault. Bogle illustrates hooking up is a more common practice because the shift of social and dat ing. She explains that hooking up is the new dating system for college students to find â€Å"sexual and romantic partners† (249). According to Bogle hooking up is the thingRead MoreRape of Women on College Campus2051 Words   |  8 Pagesdating in college has mostly gone the way of the landline, replaced by â€Å"hooking up†- an ambiguous term that can signify anything from making out to oral sex to intercourse - all complete without the emotional entanglement of a real relationship. As times have changed, students begin to view a relationship as â€Å"too time consuming† and something that no longer takes priority amongst their busy, high achieving schedules. However, hooking up threatens the sexual, physical, and psychological health of college-ageRead MorePedagogical Concepts Of Pedagogical Practices1518 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiences. One pedagogical practice is to build respectful, reciprocal and caring relationships. Building these relationships can take time and when teachers are looking after a big group of children it can be hard to develop the relationships children need. The Sector Advisory Group report recommends for improving quality of early childhood education for children under three is to introduce regulated group size. In the context of improved ratios such as 1:3, 1:4, regulate for group size of three timesRead MoreInfluence Of The On Sex Education1058 Words   |  5 Pagesattitudes. Those who have not experienced premarital intercourse tend to agree more on this system. In some case studies, there seem to be participants that go to the extreme end of the continuum of either having anti-tradition sexual behaviors, like hooking up, or want to protect Basic Sexual-Moral Principles, which is similar to abstinence in the United States. Political reinforcement When talking about Chinese sex revolution in 1960, people tend to compare it with sex revolution in other western countriesRead MoreSexual Harassment On College Campuses1777 Words   |  8 Pagesenforce compliance among colleges and universities. The DOE reminded educators, executive administrators, and policy makers in higher education that addressing sexual harassment on college campuses is a top priority. (Marshall, Daylot, Galloway,P. 279) There has been sexual harassment training for college administration to minimize the occurrence of incidents. One way of helping to reduce the issue is making men aware of what a harassing behavior can be. With training for faculty and administrationRead More The Internet as a Learning Tool Essay example2048 Words   |  9 PagesThe Internet as a Learning Tool The Internet has a universal appeal for most people. We (in the United States) have become dependant on it for our daily routines. We shop, send mail, read the news, look up movie reviews, etc., using the Internet. We depend on this service, because we have told ourselves that It has made our lives easier. We advocate the use of similar technologies within the classroom, because we are convinced that the use of computers and having access to the Internet isRead MoreConfidential Psychological Report4752 Words   |  20 PagesJanuary 28, 1990 Birth place: Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, Malate Manila Social Status: Single Occupation: Peer Health Educator at Department of Health (DOH), Sta. Cruz, Manila Religion: Roman Catholic Nationality: Filipino B. Brief Statement of the Problem (reason for referral) Mr. Michael Anthony C. Valdez, a 21 yrs, Peer Health Educator at Department of Health voluntarily participated and agreed to take part as a client to include the confidential case report and theRead MoreEssay on The Evolution of Sex2362 Words   |  10 PagesThe Evolution of Sex Take the 1960s notion of free love, combine with todays sexually active teenagers who expect no emotional commitment, and you have the modern definition for â€Å"hook up.† The term evolved just as many ideas about sex have in this last century. Hooking up is no longer just kissing, it involves oral sex and also intercourse, it is all about the casual sex. The practice of casual sex is more popular among American teenagers; however, the feelings of independence and empowermentRead MoreImpact of Internet on Culture2553 Words   |  11 Pagesmost exciting major events in the second half of the 20th century. The ancient dream of â€Å"a scholar knows all things happening in the world without venturing outdoors† has finally become a reality. Since 1993, the Internet started to take off. At present, the Internet has spread to more than 180 countries and regions, connecting more than 600,000 domestic networks of various types, hooking up more than 20 million computers available to 120 million users (2% of the entire global population).Read MorePressure Medication All Of These Treatment Cost Money2291 Words   |  10 Pagesopportunity to have medical insurance. As a result of signing Obama Care the amount of insured citizens in the United States has risen, but the quality of care continues not to change. The correlation in between these two do not seem plausible. So what is really going on? With this coverage it may be that it benefits some families but there are many cons that are tied in with this care. Assuring that individuals that are not covered by health insurance will be fined is a huge incentive. The answers

Case Study of PriceLo Malls Inc - Get Free Sample

Question: Discuss about theNetwork Design Overview for a Case Study of PriceLo malls Inc. Answer: Introduction PriceLo malls Inc. is one of the leading company that has several malls situated within Australia, Melbourne, Sydney. The company wants to develop an innovative network infrastructure that will provide the facility of being connected with the internet through wired or wireless medium within the shopping mall. All the users of this network infrastructure will be provided the internet speed according to their amount of purchase from the mall. This report is elaborating the network infrastructure with respect to the concerned demands of the company. Network Design Top-Down Design The leading shopping mall has been used the To-Down approach in order to set up their network infrastructure. The top-down design approaches used for the network infrastructure of the PriceLo mall are elaborated with respect to the business requirements and objectives of the organization [1]. The business needs specified in the too-down network infrastructure within the mall has introduced all the technical details needed for designing the infrastructure. In addition to this, the affordability, availability, scalability as well as the security measures related to the each node connected within the network of shopping mall is elaborated with detailed specification. The top-down approach specifies the technical details before selecting the hardware components for the network infrastructure [2]. In accordance with this particular case study, the application of the top-down infrastructure is discussed with respect to the upper layer related to the OSI model [3]. Session, data transport and other network specifications are chosen before the selection of the connected components in the hardware part of the infrastructure. Therefore, it is probable that the network infrastructure has selected the top-down structure for integrating all the network components [4]. The primary overviews of the customer needs are focused with respect to the different technological preferences. Disadvantages in not following the structured design approach: There will be a huge amount of the lack of efficiency within the network infrastructure of the PriceLo mall if it does not follow the structured approach of networking [5]. PriceLo will face an entire malfunctioning within the structured network components if the structured approach is not followed and at that time the requirement changes [6]. Therefore, any changes made on the designed approach will directly affect the owner of the company, as the entire structure will be crashed down. Characterization of the Internetwork and Network Traffic in the Designed Network Necessity for doing the estimation of traffic amount in the network: The designing of the network infrastructure within the PriceLo mall, it is important to recognize the amount of the traffic consumed as well as the characteristics of the traffic. The estimation of the consumed traffic in the mall is essential, as it will help to maximize the efficiency and minimize the latency of the network [7]. This estimation of the traffic also estimates the capacity, reliability of the network with respect to the demands of the PriceLo malls. This entire set up results into the effective design and implementation of effective topology within the infrastructure. Process of estimating Network Traffic: The significant estimation of the network traffic introduced the data involved within the traffic. In addition to this, these data also explains the Bandwidth requirement and load imposed by the network [8]. The traffic is measured with the help of the comparable estimation based on the present and past network models. Traffic loads and models are analyzed with the help of the DES models. Apart //from these models, Pareto Distribution Process, Embedded Markov Models and Weibull distribution methods are used in estimating the data transferred within the traffic [1]. Different types of Traffic Flows within PriceLo: The flow of traffic within the PriceLo malls are generally explained as the amount of data flowed in a sequence of packets. The identified traffic flows within the PriceLo malls are explained as follows: Server-to-Client Traffic Flow: This type of the Traffic flow is both Bidirectional and asymmetric. In addition to this, all the data are flowed from the destination to the source [3]. The traffic generally flows from customers and staffs by using the network to server architecture of the system. HTTP and FTP are most convenient examples of this network architecture. Server-to-Server Traffic Flow: This kind of traffic flow allows the bidirectional traffic flows [5]. Both the communication measures between the staffs and admin are managed in this network. Network Design with Security Proposal Security of the considered wired and wireless networks should be managed with highest priority. All the information shared within this network must be kept confidential. There must be several security applications that will protect the network architecture such as Arpwatch, that will monitor the activities within Ethernets [6]. Nmap scanner will discover the services and host networks incorporated within the network. In addition to this, EtherApe will monitor the modes concerned with the Ethernet connections. The graphical measurements of the host as well as the server are essential in order to consumer traffic within the network [7]. The authorization should be there in order to provide security to the information transferred within the network. Tcpdump application is used to analyze the amount of data within a packet transferred. In addition to this, the network should consider the laws and legislations that might have to be obeyed by the network infrastructure [2]. The Cyber Crime Act and Spam Act has to be followed by the network infrastructure of the PriceLo. This network protocol identification will help to identify the unauthorized structure of the users and servers within the network infrastructure of PriceLo. References "The research of IoT architecture model and internetworking mechanism",SCIENTIA SINICA Informationis, 2013. D. Vardalis and V. Tsaoussidis, "Exploiting the potential of DTN for energy-efficient internetworking",Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 90, pp. 91-103, 2014. S. Watanabe and Y. Kabashima, "Cavity-based robustness analysis of interdependent networks: Influences of intranetwork and internetwork degree-degree correlations",Physical Review E, vol. 89, no. 1, 2014. Optical Switching and Networking",Optical Switching and Networking, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 463-464, 2013. T. Li, S. Chen and Y. Ling, "Per-Flow Traffic Measurement Through Randomized Counter Sharing",IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1622-1634, 2012. A. Bremler-Barr and Y. Koral, "Accelerating Multipattern Matching on Compressed HTTP Traffic",IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 970-983, 2012. I-Hong Hou, "Broadcasting Delay-Constrained Traffic Over Unreliable Wireless Links With Network Coding",IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 728-740, 2015. A. Verma and N. Bhardwaj, "A Review on Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Routing Protocol",International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 161-170, 2016.

Military Aviation Essays - Stealth Aircraft, Monoplanes,

Military Aviation Thesis: Military aircraft has become more sophisticated in variety, effectiveness in war situations, and special maneuvering techniques in recent years. Military aircraft has become more sophisticated in variety, effectiveness in war situations, and special maneuvering techniques in recent years. With the advance of stealth technology, many new and very effective aircraft have been developed. The F-117A was used during Operation Dessert Storm and every plane came back without a scratch. The very expensive B-2 stealth bomber has never been used in actual war, but during testing it was a success. The Advanced Tactical Fighter program was started to make an aircraft that could supercruise, the ability to cruise at supersonic speeds, and didn't cost very much. The YF-22 and YF-23 were the first planes to accomplish this. With all the planes we know of, there are also top secret programs probably going on right now. A new fighter that has never been heard of before has been spotted. As John Welch, the assistant secretary of Air Force said, "Stealth gives us back that fundamental element of war called surprise" (Goodall 9). After it was found that aircraft could be very useful in war, it was used for large scale reconnaissance. Then people started to add bombs to aircraft and then airplanes started to become an essence of war. After World War 2, new bombers were developed with fast speed, and could travel far distances. They could also carry nuclear bombs and missiles. The use of the bomber aircraft then led to the fighter, which was equipped with guns and missiles. Helicopters were also found to be good strike aircraft. They were armed with cannons, machine guns, rockets, torpedoes, and a variety of missiles. Vertical takeoff made the helicopter an advantage. The first flight of the F-117A was in June of 1981 in Groom Lake test facility. The total cost for the development of the F-117A was just under two billion dollars, but it only cost $43 million to make each plane. It became operational in October of 1983 and was the first operational stealth aircraft ever built. The F-117A is a night attack plane powered by two, nonafterburning General Electric engines. F-117As were designed for first-strike capabilities and to be able to fly into any countries airspace undetected. The primary task of the F-117A is to break through enemy airspace, destroy high value targets, and return back unharmed. They were considered to first be used in several different tasks, but weren't used until Operation Dessert Storm where they did an excellent job. As Donald Rice, Secretary of the Air Force, said, "Everyone now agrees the F-117 was a real bargain" (9). During Operation Dessert Storm the F-117As were found out to be very successful. The war began on January 16, 1991 when the F-117A fighters entered the Iraqi airspace on their way to downtown Baghdad. There were 43 of them over the skies of Iraq and not one was lost even though they went against one of the most modern air-defense systems in the world. Operation Dessert Storm was the largest aerial bombing attack in war history. It was also the first time a stealth aircraft was used as a main weapon. On the first day of Dessert Storm the Lockheed F-117As dropped sixty-two 2,000 pound bombs on Baghdad destroying the most critical targets of the Iraqi military, including the headquarters of the Iraqi air force. "We've seen that not only does stealth work, but that it puts fewer assets at risk and saves lives" (9), as Donald Rice said. The pilots of those F-117As flew through the hardest anti-aircraft missiles any pilot has ever flown through. When you think of stealth, most people probably think of B-2 stealth bomber, but most people don't realize that it hasn't even been used in a real war situation yet. In November of 1987 the Pentagon ordered the first four B-2s to be built for $2 billion. Each B-2 cost $437.4 million to build. After the military liked the bomber, they originally ordered 133 of them, then they cut back to 75 because of the deficit-reduction bill. Then, in 1992, the House of Representatives voted to buy only twenty, and later only 15 saying that 10 would be enough. With four General Electric engines with 19,000 pounds of thrust each, the B-2s were made to carry a lot of weight. The Advanced Technology Bomber, as it was called, was made so it couldn't be spotted by enemy radar. After testing it was found out that it is almost impossible to

Free Essays on Web Publishing

Web Publishing Before the advent of the World Wide Web, the means to share opinions and ideas with others easily and inexpensively was limited to classroom, work, or social environments. Generating an advertisement or publication required a lot of expense. Today, businesses and individuals can convey information to millions of people by using Web pages. Web publishing is the process of developing maintaining and posting Web pages. With the proper hardware and software, Web publishing is fairly easy to accomplish. For example, clip galleries offer a variety of images, videos, and sounds. A sound card allows users to incorporate sounds into Web pages. With a microphone, a Web page can include voice. A digital camera provides a means to capture digital photographs. A scanner can convert existing photographs and other graphics into a digital format. A video capture card and a video camera can incorporate videos into Web pages. A video digitizer can capture still images from a video (Thrall and Winters 46-68). HTML (hypertext markup language) is a set of special codes used to format a file for use as a Web page. These codes, called tags, specify how the text and other elements on the Web page display in a Web browser and where the links on the page lead. A Web browser translates the document with the HTML tags into a functional Web page. Developing or authoring a Web page does not require the expertise of a computer programmer. Many word processing and other application software packages include Web page authoring features that assist in the development of basic Web pages. Microsoft Office 2000 products, for example, provide easy to use tools that enable users to create Web pages and incorporate items such as bullets, frames, backgrounds, lines, database tables, worksheets, and graphics into the Web pages. (Shelly Cashman Series ® Microsoft Word 2000 Project 2). Web page authoring software packages enable the development of more sophist... Free Essays on Web Publishing Free Essays on Web Publishing Web Publishing Before the advent of the World Wide Web, the means to share opinions and ideas with others easily and inexpensively was limited to classroom, work, or social environments. Generating an advertisement or publication required a lot of expense. Today, businesses and individuals can convey information to millions of people by using Web pages. Web publishing is the process of developing, maintaining, and posting Web pages. With the proper hardware and software, Web publishing is fairly easy to accomplishing. For example, clip galleries offer a variety of the images, videos, and sounds. A sound card allows user to incorporate sounds into the Web page. With a microphone, a Web page can include voice. A digital camera provides a means to capture digital photographs. A scanner can convert existing photographs and other graphics into a digital format. A video capture card and a video camera can incorporate videos into Web pages. A video digitizer can capture still images from a video (Thrall and Winters 46-48). HTML (hypertext markup language) is a set of special codes used to format a file for use as a Web page. These codes, called tags, specify how the text and other elements on the Web page display in a Web browser and where the links on the page lead. A Web browser translates the document with the HTML tags into a functional Web page. Developing, or authoring a Web page does not require the expertise of a computer programmer. Many word processing and other application software packages include Web page authoring features that assist in the Development of basics Web pages. Microsoft Office 2000 product, for example, provide easy-to-use tools that enable users to create Web pages and include items such as bullets, frames, background, lines, database tables, worksheets, and graphics into the Web pages (Shelly Cashman Series ® Microsoft Word 2000 Project 2). Web page authoring software packages enable the Development of more ... Free Essays on Web Publishing Web Publishing Before the advent of the World Wide Web, the means to share opinions and ideas with others easily and inexpensively was limited to classroom, work, or social environments. Generating an advertisement or publication required a lot of expense. Today, businesses and individuals can convey information to millions of people by using Web pages. Web publishing is the process of developing maintaining and posting Web pages. With the proper hardware and software, Web publishing is fairly easy to accomplish. For example, clip galleries offer a variety of images, videos, and sounds. A sound card allows users to incorporate sounds into Web pages. With a microphone, a Web page can include voice. A digital camera provides a means to capture digital photographs. A scanner can convert existing photographs and other graphics into a digital format. A video capture card and a video camera can incorporate videos into Web pages. A video digitizer can capture still images from a video (Thrall and Winters 46-68). HTML (hypertext markup language) is a set of special codes used to format a file for use as a Web page. These codes, called tags, specify how the text and other elements on the Web page display in a Web browser and where the links on the page lead. A Web browser translates the document with the HTML tags into a functional Web page. Developing or authoring a Web page does not require the expertise of a computer programmer. Many word processing and other application software packages include Web page authoring features that assist in the development of basic Web pages. Microsoft Office 2000 products, for example, provide easy to use tools that enable users to create Web pages and incorporate items such as bullets, frames, backgrounds, lines, database tables, worksheets, and graphics into the Web pages. (Shelly Cashman Series ® Microsoft Word 2000 Project 2). Web page authoring software packages enable the development of more sophist...

How to Use Singular They

How to Use Singular They "The employee believed their safety could not be guaranteed." The sentence above has an apparently overt grammar error. The subject of the sentence, employee, is singular but the pronoun their is plural. Most business writers would catch this obvious error. Subjects and pronouns need to agree in number, so the sentence should be"The employee believed his or her safety could not be guaranteed." The challenge with the corrected sentence is that it is awkward and it boxes individuals who do not identify as uniquely male or female into a category that doesn't fit for them. It's exclusionary, and style guides are addressing this. Using they as a singular pronoun has become acceptable in some cases, especially as a gender-neutral pronoun. The 2017 edition of The AP Stylebook - the style guide used most widely in business - stated: â€Å"They/them/their is acceptable in limited cases as a singular and/or gender-neutral pronoun, when alternative wording is overly awkward or clumsy.† For example, to avoid the specificity of an individual’s gender, this use oftheiris acceptable: â€Å"The employee believed their position was in jeopardy.† The Washington Post addressed this in 2015: â€Å"Allowing they for a gender-nonconforming person is a no-brainer. And once we’ve done that, why not allow it for the most awkward of those he or she situations that have troubled us for so many years?† The Chicago Manual of Style now states: â€Å"While this usage [they, them, their, and themselves] is accepted in those spheres [speech and informal writing], it is only lately showing signs of gaining acceptance in formal writing, where Chicago recommends avoiding its use. When referring specifically to a person who does not identify with a gender-specific pronoun, however, they and its forms are often preferred.† Garner’s Modern American Usage recommends its cautious use: â€Å"Where it can’t be avoided, resort to it cautiously because some people may doubt your literacy.† Microsoft Manual and Style advises: â€Å"Although . . .theyfor a singular antecedent is gaining acceptance. . . . Whenever possible, write around the problem.† Grammarly polled their readers and most objected to the singular use of they. Admittedly, it can become awkward: "They is a talented artist." As a comment below correctly noted, use the plural verb conjugation when using "they" to refer to an individual: "They are a talented artist." Or, just rewrite the sentence to avoid both a gender identification and the need for a pronoun: "The artist is talented." More on gender-neutral pronouns here. One of the aspects of business writing that I love most is that it evolves to reflect appropriate information flow and awareness. Style Guides are clearly addressing this with a cautious endorsement of the singular they. My recommendation now is to generally stick to standard grammar constructs and match singular pronouns with singular subjects and plural pronouns with pronoun subjects. But, do use they as a singular pronoun when it is respectful or more clear to do so. Words matter. Including everyone respectfully in the discourse warrants bending this grammar rule. Image Source: Grammarly

Media Law Matrix Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media Law Matrix - Assignment Example New technologies push the boundaries of ethical discussions on ownership of creative work First Amendment The media’s right to free expression is protected, with the amendment prohibiting the enactment of laws that abridge or curtail press freedom and free speech What are the bounds of press freedom? Can private individuals slighted wrongly by the press and by individuals seek redress under the law? This relates to libel as a legal recourse. Prior restraint prohibition An extension of the First Amendment, prohibiting government from prohibiting speech prior to the utterance of the speech. The effect is the broadening of the power of mass media, and the press in particular Ethical issues are again tied to limits of free speech as they pertain to the rights of private individuals Abridgements to First Amendment Rights Non-interference of government on free speech rights is not absolute, but may be justified by public safety considerations. The effect on media is the setting of b ounds on free expression, in cases where the public safety or the national safety are compromised There is the ethical issue of where the bounds of government power and the public and media lie. There is a tug of war in legal discourse/precedents relating to this Libel law The freedom of the press is not absolute, but is predicated on such freedom not trampling the rights of others. This is a curtailment and a bound on press freedom, because those slighted by media has recourse to libel law Libel law interpretations in courts determine the bounds of press freedom and free speech. Ethical issues are tied to making sure that judgments are just and fair to media and to private individuals Table inputs source: Vivian, 2011, pp. 424-445 B. Two Issues A. Local Media Issue The issue at hand in an article discussing the extension of the treatment of media organizations to private individuals posting online, in blogs and in social media, and the standards that ought to govern both forms of m edia, the traditional and the emergent, when it comes to considering the evidence and the arguments relating to possible defamation and libel charges. The issue at hand is tied to the emergence of social media and blogs in particular, and how those emergent media forms have empowered ordinary individuals to speak freely and to publish their thoughts with the same reach and power, and print permanence, as the newspapers and related media forms of old. There are established precedents for governing free speech issues for traditional media, but the precedent for emergent media is not always well laid out. On the other hand, recent court decisions seem to apply a different set of standards for blog-published and social media-published content on the one hand and traditional media on the other. The legal implications of the double standard are evident in the way there seems to be an unequal application of First Amendment rights as they apply to ordinary people in social media and to medi a practitioners, creating potential future problems in the interpretation of First Amendment and related laws. The ethical implications are profound, because the double standard may mean that the rights of private individuals, for instance, against defamation may be compromised by such unequal treatment of bloggers and ordinary social media users on the one hand a

Knowledge is generated through the interaction of critical and Coursework

Knowledge is generated through the interaction of critical and creative thinking. Evaluate this statement in two areas of knowledge - Coursework Example It is this process of creating and examining ideas that validates knowledge. It is, therefore, essential to discuss the works of certain philosophers in order to prop the main argument. Thereafter, daily life instances can be evaluated to bring to light the link between creative thinking and knowledge. The two fields of knowledge that would come into consideration are mathematics and ethics. To begin with, Rene Descartes epistemological theory comes into practice. In his discourse theory, Descartes strives to arrive at true knowledge. True knowledge, in this instance, suggests knowledge that cannot be subjected to any skepticism. To begin with his discourse, he subjects all previous knowledge to doubt (Timmons and Shoemaker 284). Thereafter, he strives to affirm whether such knowledge is credible. Skepticism forms an indispensable core of critical thinking. Rene Descartes finds that almost all of preexisting knowledge, with exception of mathematical principles, is liable to doubt (Timmons and Shoemaker 284). He arrives at one single idea that the only thing he cannot question its existence is his very existence. The argument he relays for the proof of his existence is the idea that he thinks. This is because doubt is a form of thought and, therefore, the doubting being is him. The only knowledge that is free from doubt is that he thinks. According to him, thinking becom es the item of which he is immediately aware. Apart from this argument, Rene Descartes proved the shortcoming of senses in finding and examining knowledge. In proof of his claim, he uses the example of wax to illustrate the unreliability of senses as a guide to knowledge. He considers characteristics like color, texture and smell to be deceiving. When he watches wax from various directions, he records different data about it. He dismisses senses as to rely on sensations to achieve their effect. Sensations are pre-established notions about the appearance of objects. He, then, asserts

Morning Java Descriptive Essay Essay Example for Free

Morning Java Descriptive Essay Essay Java Startled by my alarm, I stretch my arm out from under the covers and search frantically in the dark to put an end to the obnoxious sound. I feel around for my lamp and switch it on, keeping my position until my eyes adjust to the light. Before I ever get out of bed, I’m already overwhelmed thinking of my many tasks for the day. When motivation is scarce, there is only one thought that brings me out of my cozy, warm bed and to my feet. Waiting to be made is a fresh, boosting cup of morning coffee. Confronting the seemingly arctic air, I slide my feet into fuzzy, pink slippers and head for the kitchen. I make a quick stop at the thermostat, crank up the heat, then b-line it to the stainless steel coffee pot that used to belong to my Grandmother. Sitting next to the pot is a bright red Folgers can. Holding it up close to my face, I crack open the lid and am instantly delighted with the robust scent of ground coffee beans. Possibly being the only â€Å"me time† of the entire day, the quietness of the early morning combined with the delicious aroma of coffee brewing is greatly treasured. Reaching into the cabinet containing the coffee mugs, I instinctively push through them until my favorite one is spotted. Dulled out yellow with a small chip on the handle, it displays markings from years of the dishwasher’s wear and tear. I pour the steamy drink into the old cup and sip cautiously. No sugar or cream diluting the flavor, I savor the dark coffee and smile with approval. Trusty mug in hand, I sit down to catch a quick glimpse of the morning news. Its warmth cushions the chill I get from the blizzard forecast flashing across the screen. Cold, weary, and fatigued, I sip as fast as I can, urging the rich, caffeinated liquid to hit me as soon as possible. I hear my two year old, sick with the flu, stirring around in his crib. I know it won’t be long from now until he is protesting and ultimately waking my other children. With medicine to be given, breakfast to be made, and children to be dressed, it’s a mystery how I will make it out of the house with my shoes on. But I continue sipping my powerful beverage and before I know it my tiredness fades. Buzzing around the house, I take on the morning tasks with a renewed sense of warmth and liveliness. Knowing without a doubt, this java comes from my ritualistic morning coffee session.

The Prophet Amos Essay -- social issues

The Prophet Amos Amos is recognized as the first of the Israelite prophets whose words were recorded on a scroll. He was not a prophet all his life and never prophesied professionally. Amos earned his living as a â€Å"herdsman and dresser of sycamore figs.† (Amos 7:14) Since he already had an occupation he did not have to prophesy for money. He prophesied because God had called him to do so. Amos was not a poor sheep herdsman. The word herdsman, used to describe his occupation, was not the common Hebrew word used to refer to shepherds. The Hebrew word used described the vocation of a Moabite king, King Mesha. The Hebrew word means sheep-master, and refers to the owners of a special breed of sheep, famous for their wool. Amos may have been one of the more important men in his region, Tekoa. Tekoa was a village about ten miles south of Jerusalem. It was situated atop a large hill some 2800 feet above sea level. Therefore, Tekoa was strategically located. It was fortified and walled. â€Å"Tekoa is mentioned elsewhere, in 2 Chronicles 11:6, as one of several cities that King Rehoboam (Solomon’s son and successor) rebuilt and fortified after the breaking away of the ten northern tribes and founding of the northern kingdom of Israel (in 931).† (Miller p.45) Like many other prophets Amos was called directly by Yahweh through some divine intervention. Yahweh â€Å"took† him from his flocks and said, â€Å"Go and prophesy to my people Israel.†(Amos 7:15) He also saw five visions. Throughout the third and fourth visions God’s voice claimed, â€Å"I will forgive them no longer.† (Amos 7:8; 8:1) He was referring to the people of Israel. The Book of the Prophet Amos begins with a short description of the prophet. This is followed by his words. He begins by condemning several nations, Israel’s neighbors. Finally, and most importantly, he goes on to condemn Israel. This condemnation of Israel would come as a surprise to listeners in Amos’ time, because the people of Israel were the chosen people. Amos goes on to list some of the sins of Israel. The underlying theme behind many of the sins was that the wealthy and powerful were alienating the poor and the weak. Amos lived during the long and prosperous reign of Jeroboam II. During this time many people became very wealthy. There were, however, some who remained poor. The wealthy exploited the weakness and vulnerability of the poor.... ...ust society. In our interactions with our families we should avoid unkind words and insults. We must treat family members with respect and caring. In school and in our community one can use his or her talents to tutor a friend so that he can achieve success. Community service at a local school or hospital can be a way to help those in our community who need help or are less fortunate. In these acts of compassion and caring we live the word of God. The Book of Amos, the teachings of Jesus through the Gospels and the Church’s Constitution all make one thing very clear. Our actions and social institutions should all benefit the human person and respect human dignity. These actions and institutions should be â€Å"founded on truth, built on justice, and animated by love.† (Huebsch p. 144) Bibliography Heubsch, Bill, and Paul Thurmes. The Constitutions. Allen: Thomas More Publishing, 1997. Mays, James Luther. Amos. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1969. Miller, John W. Meet the Prophets: A Beginner’s Guide to the Books of the Biblical Prophets. Mahwah: Paulist Press, 1987. Rad, Gerhard von. The Message of the Prophets. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1962.

Jon Benet Ramsey Case

Michael Pilkington 10/14/12 Ms. Chiolo Forensics JonBenet Ramsey Case Many people know about the JonBenet Ramsey case. This case had to do with when a young girl was killed and found in her own basement. In the JonBenet case there were problems with the investigation, different theories about the murder, and the media had an influence in the case. One problem with the JonBenet Ramsey case was that some evidence wasn’t collected.For example there was a flashlight found that could have been the murder weapon that wasn’t collected as evidence. Another problem was that some of the detectives ego got in the way of solving the case. For example Boulder, Colorado police denied help from the FBI, even though they have had no experience with murder cases that have national attention. One major problem was that the procedure that the police used for the case was improper. The police didn’t separate the parents even when they were both suspects. The media and the â€Å"co urt of public opinion† played a big role in the case.One way was that the media instantly blamed the parents for murdering JonBenet. The media had a couple of theories of how JonBenet was killed. One way was that JonBenet wet her bed and the mom got very mad and killed her. Another theory was that JonBenet’s brother killed her because she got a lot of attention from being in beauty pageants for girls, and he wanted more attention. The media trashed the Ramsey’s reputation by making people think that they were guilty. Since the media labeled the Ramseys guilty, people were close-minded to other ideas of what else could of actually happened.There was one theory though that was the most likely of being true. This theory was called the intruder theory. There were a couple of ways this was the most likely way JonBenet died. One piece of evidence that supports the intruder theory is that there was a unlocked basement window that had been recently opened and closed, and that an intruder could have gotten entry to the house from. Another piece of evidence was that there was DNA on JonBenet’s body that was male, and didn’t match another family member. Also there was a similar attack months later that was similar to the JonBenet Ramsey murder.There was a man who broke into a house (that is close by to the Ramsey house) and sexually assaulted a 14 year old girl. Upon reviewing how the investigation was done from the start it is apparent that the media and the Boulder Colorado police department did not help in solving the case. It is unfortunate that Mrs. Ramsey passed away and that the rest of the family has been unable to see justice done. I do believe in some of the other theories and hope that with the help of time and persistence with the Police and the FBI they will eventually solve the case.

Desalination Solution To The Freshwater Crisis Environmental Sciences Essay

The chief ground for drinkable H2O deficit in Singapore is the fact that it is surrounded by sea H2O, unsuitable for imbibing. At present, the state has created sustainable H2O supply from its ‘Four National Taps ‘ , which consists of rainwater reservoirs, imported H2O, reclaimed H2O ( NEWater ) and desalinated H2O. ( â€Å" Water Supply † ) The detonating population is besides increasing the strength of drinkable H2O demand, doing deficits.Problems Associated with Drinkable Water ShortagesThe chief cause of hungriness, disease and poorness is the deficiency of clean, safe imbibing H2O. ( â€Å" Why Water? † ) Crops would be unable to turn doing hungriness. Consumption of contaminated H2O is the chief cause of diseases. Regions missing in safe, imbibing H2O have a higher rate of decease and diseases. Peoples are ill more frequently, and are unable to work. This prevents the part from promotion. Regional struggles over scarce H2O resources may ensue in warfar e. ( â€Å" Water Scarcity † ) Figure 2 shows the H2O deficit around the universe. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hydrogenambassadors.com/background/images/background/water-shortage.gif Figure 2 – Water Deficit ( Hydrogen Ambassador )Desalination – How does it turn to drinkable H2O deficits?The bulk of H2O on the Earth is seawater and Singapore is surrounded by it excessively. If this H2O was converted into safe, drinking H2O, the job of drinkable H2O deficits would be easy solved. This is where desalinization plays its function. The procedure of taking salt from saltwater to make fresh water is called desalinization. ( Aintablian, † Water Desalination † ) A turning figure of desalinization workss are being built around the universe to turn to the job of fresh water deficits. The two chief methods of desalinization are distillment and the membrane procedure. In the procedure of distillment, a scope of method are used to vaporize saltwater, them condense the vapour, to obtain non-saline H2O. The membrane procedure has two types, viz. rearward osmosis and forward osmosis. Rearward osmosis is the procedure where pre-treated saltwater is pumped through a partly permeable membrane at high force per unit area, which separates dissolved splines from the H2O. Forward osmosis involves the natural procedure of osmosis ; H2O traveling from a extremely concentrated part to a part of low concentration. This procedure allows it to of course happen, alternatively of coercing it through a force per unit area gradient. In this procedure, the saltwater passes through a partly permeable membrane to a concentrated solution of ammonium hydroxide salts, go forthing salt atoms behind. The ammonium hydroxide salts are evaporated and can be reused. ( â€Å" Tuas Seawater Desalination Plant † ) The procedure is shown in Figure 3. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nrdc.org/onearth/04sum/images/saline_diagram.jpg Figure 3 – Seawater Distillation Process ( Glowac )Positive Impacts of DesalinationSupplying fresh water to countries with limited resources is the chief intent of desalinization. Communities get provided with a safe and dependable supply of fresh water. Singapore itself has no direct beginnings of fresh water except rainwater. The state has to import around 2500 gallons of H2O from Malaysia every twelvemonth. To drop the rate of import, it makes usage of the saltwater it is surrounded by. Desalination helps increase the sum of safe drinkable H2O available and saves lessenings import of H2O from states with big sums of fresh water available. This is helps diminish the general cost, since H2O conveyance is an expensive matter. It provides a dependable and readily available beginning of H2O in instances of terrible drouth. It becomes a necessity in the present clime in increasing temperatures, spread outing population and unsustainable groundwater. ( â€Å" The Advantages of De salination † )Negative Impacts of DesalinationEven though desalinization is a utile procedure, it has its general reverses. Disposing of the waste salt solution will increase the concentration of salt in the H2O. This will do the procedure harder and may harm the animals under the sea. The desalinization procedure is an expensive one and requires a batch of energy. Since most energy is derived from fossil fuels, it is said to be a affair of taking one environmental issue over the other. The costs are even higher if parts off from the seashore or at high heights, seek utilizing desalinated H2O. Many resources would be required to transport H2O from the ocean or a organic structure of salty H2O to far distances and high heights. ( Aintablian. â€Å" Water Desalination † )Factors affected by DesalinationEconomic Factor For – Desalination helps states with limited beginnings of fresh water to hold entree to drinkable H2O, without holding to bear conveyance costs. Wealth can be created by desalinization, as it increases the opportunities for development of agribusiness, industry and touristry in states with a scarce H2O supply. These alterations are bound to raise the overall income of a part. Some direct occupations and income can be expected from desalinization workss. Seawater desalinization is a feasible option is coastal parts which find desalinization more cost-efficient so transporting H2O from other parts. ( What is Desalination? – Benefits ) Against – Desalination is an expensive procedure. It becomes more expensive when the salt H2O needs to be transported to regions off from the seashore or those at high heights. Economically stable states like Singapore can afford to construct desalinization workss and change over big measures of saltwater, but other 3rd universe states confronting the fresh water crisis may fight to pay for desalinization workss to be opened and for big measures of H2O to be transported and converted. The ground the costs for desalinization are so high is because heavy-duty machinery and equipment is required to change over salt H2O into fresh water expeditiously. Not all states have the budget or land to construct mills with such expensive equipment. So, even though the desalinization procedure is a great solution to the fresh water crisis, we have yet to get the better of the costs required to run it. Figure 4 shows how engineering is progressing to do the procedure of desalinization less de arly-won. hypertext transfer protocol: //kanat.jsc.vsc.edu/student/glowact/body.h1.jpg Figure 4 – Decline in Seawater Desalination Costs Represents Evolution in Technology ( Hayes ) Environmental Factor For – More than 97 % of the H2O in the universe is seawater, which means there is small H2O for the universe ‘s turning H2O demand. The underdeveloped universe can non trust on a individual beginning of H2O anymore, and holding a dependable solution to the fresh water crisis helps alleviate emphasis on the fresh water available ( What is Desalination? – Benefits. ) The H2O conveyance systems use a great trade of energy and do air pollution. Desalination workss placed strategically helps decrease the environmental impact. Water made available during drouths would protect against H2O deficits. More fresh water would be available for usage in agribusiness. ( Dorward. â€Å" The Benefits of Desalination Plants ) Against – The procedure of desalinization requires a batch of energy. Since most power beginnings are soon derived from fossil fuels, desalinization has a manus in planetary heating. The constructing procedure would be time-consuming. Therefore, it would upset the environment. The waste salt solution is released back into the sea. This increases the concentration of salt in the saltwater and this may harm the animals under the ocean. Since more salt demands to be removed, more energy has to be used and it leads to a higher wastage of fossil fuels. Figure 5 shows the minerals being discharged into the sea and this is what makes the procedure harder and it requires more energy. This discharge may besides incorporate low concentrations of chemicals used in the procedure, which could harm environment-sensitive countries ( Younos, Tamim 11. ) Even though desalinization is the best solution to the universe ‘s fresh water crisis, it has environmental issues have to be solved be fore it can be used around the universe on a big graduated table. hypertext transfer protocol: //t1.gstatic.com/images? q=tbn: ANd9GcSHEXi_HxYsF0cbcqyC6gRNp2i18V0j4QXFTCcwIXO0RrVCFL1bCA Figure 5 – Minerals are discharged into the sea, and the desalinization procedure requires more energy ( MEWR | Desalination ) Word Count – 1, 256

Abortion- Pro essays

Abortion- Pro essays Abortion is a very touchy subject in American politics. When dealing with this issue, there are two sides that one can take. There is the Pro-life side, which believe that abortion is not a good thing, and should be made illegal. On the other end of the spectrum, there is the Pro-choice side. The Pro-choice side believe that its a womans choice if she wants to carry the baby, or abort the pregnancy. There are many pros and cons to each of the argument. One reason that Pro-choice advocates believe that there stance on the issue is the right one is that they believe that its a womans choice whether or not she aborts the pregnancy because its her body. Since the fetus is part of her body, she can make the decision whether she lets it live or die. Its like, if a woman has something wrong with her leg, and one of the options is to amputate, she can either choose to get rid of the leg and be done with it, or keep it. Another reason that Pro-choice supporters think that abortion is alright is that they do not consider a fetus to be a living human being. One of the main stances that Pro-life supporters have is that killing a fetus is just like killing a human being. While Pro-choice advocates believe that life begins at birth, and that killing the fetus is not kill a human, just killing a part of you. The final reason I will touch upon for the Pro-choice side is that sometimes, an abortion is the best thing if the mother is not capable of taking care of a baby. Sometimes a mother is not expecting the baby, and when it is conceived is not emotionally or financially ready to take care of the baby. When this is the case, an abortion can solve this problem, making it so she doesnt have a baby to take care of. On the other end of things, There are reason why Pro-life is the way to be. There are all pretty much the opposite of the reasons for Pro-choice. One of them is that a fetus is a human ...

Zeus - Fast Facts About the Olympian God Zeus

Zeus - Fast Facts About the Olympian God Zeus Name: Greek - Zeus; Roman - JupiterParents: Cronus and RheaFoster Parents: Nymphs in Crete; nursed by AmaltheaSiblings: Hestia, Hera, Demeter, Poseidon, Hades, and Zeus. Zeus was the youngest sibling and also the oldest since he was alive before the regurgitation of the gods by Papa Cronus.Mates: (legion:) Aegina, Alcmena, Antiope, Asteria, Boetis, Calliope, Callisto, Calyce, Carme, Danae, Demeter, Dia, Dino, Dione, Cassiopeia, Elare, Electra, Europa, Eurymedusa, Eurynome, Hera, Himalia, Hora, Hybris, Io, Juturna, Laodamia, Leda, Leto, Lysithoe, Maia, Mnemosyne, Niobe, Nemesis, Othris, Pandora, Persephone, Protogenia, Pyrrha, Selene, Semele, Taygete, Themis, Thyia [from Carlos Paradas list]Wives:  Metis, Themis, HeraChildren: legion, including: Moirai, Horae, Muses, Persephone, Dionysus, Heracles, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Hebe, Hermes, Athena, Aphrodite Role of Zeus For Humans: Zeus was god of the sky, weather, law ​and order. Zeus presides over oaths, hospitality, and suppliants.For Gods: ​Zeus was king of the gods. He was called the father of gods and men. The gods had to obey him.Canonical Olympian?  Yes. Zeus is one of the canonical Olympians. Jupiter Tonans Zeus is the king of the gods in the Greek pantheon. He and his two brothers split the rule of the world, with Hades becoming king of the Underworld, Poseidon, king of the sea, and Zeus, king of the heavens. Zeus is known as Jupiter among the Romans. In art work depicting Zeus, the king of the gods often appears in altered form. He frequently shows up as an eagle, as when he abducted  Ganymede,  or a bull. One of the main attributes of Jupiter (Zeus) was  as  a thunder god. Jupiter/Zeus sometimes takes on the characteristics of a supreme deity. In  Suppliants, of Aeschylus, Zeus is described as: king of kings, of the happy most happy, of the perfect most perfect power, blessed ZeusSup. 522. Zeus is also described by Aeschylus with the following attributes: the universal fatherfather of gods and menthe universal causethe all-seer and all-doerthe all-wise and all-controllingthe just and the executor of justicetrue and incapable of falsehood. Source:  Bibliotheca sacra Volume 16  (1859). Zeus Courting Ganymede Ganymede is known as the cupbearer of the gods. Ganymede had been a mortal prince of Troy when his great beauty caught the eye of Jupiter/Zeus. When Zeus kidnapped the most beautiful of mortals, the Trojan prince Ganymede, from Mt. Ida (where Paris of Troy was later a shepherd and where Zeus had been raised in safety from his father), Zeus paid Ganymedes father with immortal horses. Ganymedes father was King Tros, the eponymous founder of Troy. Ganymede replaced Hebe as cupbearer for the gods after Hercules married her. Galileo discovered the bright moon of Jupiter which we know of as Ganymede. In Greek mythology, Ganymede was made immortal when Zeus took him to Mt. Olympus, so its appropriate that his name should be given to a bright object that is forever in Jupiters orbit. On Ganymede, from  Vergils Aeneid Book V  (Dryden translation): There Ganymede is wrought with living art,Chasing thro Idas groves the trembling hart:Breathless he seems, yet eager to pursue;When from aloft descends, in open view,The bird of Jove, and, sousing on his prey,With crooked talons bears the boy away.In vain, with lifted hands and gazing eyes,His guards behold him soaring thro the skies,And dogs pursue his flight with imitated cries. Zeus and Danae Danae was the mother of the Greek hero Perseus. She became pregnant by Zeus in the form of a beam of sunlight or a shower of gold. Zeus offspring included  Moirai, Horae, Muses, Persephone, Dionysus, Heracles, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Hebe, Hermes, Athena, and Aphrodite. Sources Carlos Parada - ZeusTheoi Zeus

Banking System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Banking System - Essay Example Due to this banks started experiencing liquidity issues and were unable to have the amount of money required to remain in business and were on the verge of its default. As a result of this, the government came out with a bailout plan to help the banks from experiencing bankruptcy. The bailout can be both beneficial and disadvantageous at the same time. Mostly governments tend to bailout those banking institutions that are too huge too fail and their failure can further increase the economic crises (Scott, 2012). But such policies are anti competitive in nature. This is because when the government bails out an organization, it tends to hold certain shares of the entity and have the right to make decisions. Due to this the government may choose to be very secure in their policies and competition may decline as credit flow to different individuals and organizations may decline and this can slow the process of economic improvement and

Unit 3 Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Unit 3 Discussion Board - Essay Example The performance measurement systems therefore within nursing homes relied more on the assumption that the â€Å"facility performance contribute heavily towards individual’s performance†. (Phillips, Shen, Chen, & Sherman, 2007) However, there are various indicators which contribute towards the overall performance of the nursing homes. Many researchers believe that the key indicator of the performance of the homes is residents’ outcomes. (IOM, 1986). Apart from that the facility’s compliance with the regulations such as compliance with standards, conditions of participation etc are other standards which are considered as key behind the measurement of the performance of the nursing facilities. However, there is other general criterion also which are typically being used to measure the performance of the health care services. Specifically consumer satisfaction is considered as the main driver of the value for health care services because it is believed that consumer satisfaction derives the administrative efficiencies of these facilities and both the variables have strong correlation between them however, generally, the characteristics of providers and hospitals, the interaction between the patients and the providers as well as the overall outcome of that process are the basics of evaluating the overall performance of the nursing care homes. One of the most important barriers in performance evaluation of those nursing homes is the fact evaluating the performance is multidimensional in nature and there is no single measure of the performance evaluation. Further these homes are also under the regulation of the government which may force them to maintain quality standards which may not directly relate to the value generating capabilities of the homes. This therefore diverts the resources of those homes to activities which could otherwise have been used in improving the performance standards. Phillips, C. D., Hawes, C., Lieberman, T., &

Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Congress - Essay Example Thus, the veracity of the claim of the ‘broken branch’ and the possible solution for fixing the ‘broken branch’ are discussed in the discussion which ensues forthwith. What Organizational Changes Congress Might Make To Work More Effectively It is true that in light of the limitations prevailing upon the Congress, there are some changes that can be ratified to make the Congress more effective. One of the changes which the Congress can make to work more effectively is instituting a room for the selection of an effective party leader with juniors working under this party leader. Another way to fix the US Congress is to build a better and more dynamic electoral system. This artifice can be achieved by establishing open primaries which would end gerrymandering among politicians. This is because, gerrymandering effectively provides politicians with a leeway which they use to pull away from their own districts. There cannot be proper representation in the event tha t politicians make a dereliction on their own jurisdiction. Conversely, amendments can be made to the rules of the Congress to make Congress function more effectively. The crux of the matter herein is that experts such as Mann and Ornstein contend that the problem besetting the Congress is not really about the representatives in the Congress, but the outdated traditions, procedures and rules which govern the operations of Congress which bar legislative processes and progress. Particularly, Article 1, Section 5 of the American Constitution reads that each House has the capacity to determine the Rules of its Proceedings. In this light, in the event that an incumbent Congress finds the rules, traditions and rules of its predecessor [to be] unproductive, archaic or inhibitive, members of the Congress may move in to amend these laws (Mann and Ornstein, 48). Amendments can also be made so that the remunerations of Congressmen can be tied to their performance. While some such as Vermeer ha ve christened this move as No-Budget-No-Pay principle, there is a strong push to this effect to bar Congress from getting paid, in the event that Congress fails to make budget spending and decision in time. The need for this move is underscored by the fact that since 1952, Congress has passed budget planning and spending bills in a timely manner, only four times. Despite this state of affairs, the gravity of the matter is underscored by the dire financial and political situations which stem from the failure of the Congress to pass budget spending and planning, as was seen on October 1, 2013. In this case, the US government came to a sudden halt when the House Republicans failed to agree on their efforts to link the passage of the 2014 budgets of the federal government since they were fighting against the implementation of the healthcare reform. Consequently, 40% [800,000 workers] of the US’ public service was temporarily forced out of work, while 1 million federal American em ployees were made to work without payment (Vermeer, 220). It is also important to have the Congress [to] have all presidential nominations either conformed or rejected within 90 days, after that the Senate receives the presidential nominations. The importance of this proposal has its underpinnings in developments which have taken place in the US Congress. In 2011, more than 200 positions that had been presidentially appointed remained unfilled, following the senators’

Religion, Poverty and Wealth Essay Example for Free

Religion, Poverty and Wealth Essay Describe how followers of this religion may put their ideas into practice. Helping others is a big part of being a Christian, because of the importance of the commandment Love thy neighbour. Since the 19th Century, Christians have been setting up homes for the poor and needy. However recently there has been an increase in awareness of poorer people, putting more pressure on people to help others. A very popular way of helping others is by setting up, and giving to charities. There are many different charities, both Christian and non-Christian, which offer a wide range of help. The Church of England Childrens Society helps to better the lives of underprivileged children; The Hospice Movement aims to help the dying spend their last days in a loving, caring environment; the LArche Community helps disabled people. Christian Aid is one of the most famous Christian charities. It was set up in Britain and Ireland at the end of the Second World War, with its main aims being to improve the quality of peoples lives, particularly those of refugees who were struggling to cope with the aftermath of World War II. It also funded Churches to help repair damage caused by the war. Gradually over time, the work of Christian Aid began to involve other countries around the world. It now has an income of approximately à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40 million a year, and there are forty churches in the United Kingdom and Ireland who are a part of Christian Aid. Most of the money, which they make through door-to-door collections and donations from members of the public and various churches, is put towards development work to help people in the long term. Another famous charitable organisation is The Samaritans. The Samaritans was set up in 1953 when Chad Varah, a priest, was horrified to find out that three suicides took place every day in London. He believed that the best way to help someone who was contemplating committing suicide was to talk to them. So he set up a phone in his church and advertised that people could phone for helpful advice if they were feeling suicidal. Today The Samaritans speak to 2 250 000 people a year. Aside from charities, many Christians feel that they should give a small percentage of their wages to help the less fortunate. Sir John Templeton grew up in a poor family on a farm in Tennessee. He was educated at both Yale and Oxford University, after which he became a financial consultant in New York. Throughout his life he gave 10% of his earnings to help the poor (a process called tithing). Eventually he became very wealthy running a multimillion dollar investment company, where he successfully managed funds for over two million people worldwide. In 1972 he started the Templeton prize to be awarded for progress in religion, which is worth more money than the Nobel Peace Prize. Fifteen years later he was knighted for services to philanthropy. In 1992, he sold his investment company for a colossal $400 million. He still gives money to support projects around the world which further understanding of spirituality and the importance of the human character. George Macleod felt so strongly about helping others that, in 1938, he formed a Christian Community on Iona, an island off of Scotland. He found volunteers to learn building, stone masonry and carpentry skills and together they rebuilt Ionas ruined abbey. After that he opened a centre to provide shelter for young people from across the world, and to allow them to live in a close community. The people of the community feel it is more important to live like this and share everything than to be rich and not live as closely. They take it in turns to cook, clean, garden and work away. When they are not working, they pray. This is very similar to the ideas expressed by Jesus according to the Bible. The first Christians followed Jesus teachings very closely. All the believers were together and had everything in common. Selling their possessions and goods, they gave to anyone as he had need. Not only are there many passages in the Bible that tell Christians how to treat the poor, there are also some in the Old Testament. Share your food with the hungry and open your homes to the homeless poor. Give clothes to those who have nothing to wear. Isaiah 58:6-8 Another example of how Christians helped the poor was the Liberation Theology movement. This started in the late 1960s when the poorer inhabitants of South American countries decided that they didnt want to be exploited any more. They made a decision to stand against the corrupt governments, with inspiration from the words of Jesus: The Spirit of the Lord is upon me for he has appointed me to preach good news to the poor. The Christian followers of Liberation Theology try to fight out against poverty, lack of human rights and the exploitation of certain peoples. Many Priests, especially Oscar Romero, involved in this endanger their lives by speaking out against their government. Romero knew he was in danger, but felt that it was his Christian duty to fight against oppression and injustice. He was shot dead in March 1980 whilst conducting mass. In South America, many people see him as a great martyr. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states: God blesses those who come to the aid of the poor and rebukes those who turn away from them. All Christians feel it is their duty to God to help the poor and needy, and to be kind to those who need their kindness.

The Bolsheviks and the Tragedy of the October Revolution Essay

The Bolsheviks and the Tragedy of the October Revolution The majority of the people are with us. The majority of the working and oppressed people all over the world are with us. Ours is the cause of justice. Our victory is assured."1 "October was a classic coup d'à ©tat, the capture of governmental power by a small minority, carried out-without mass engagement."2 The October Revolution was perhaps the most momentous event of the twentieth century. It led to the creation of the Soviet Union, the first avowedly Communist nation in history, which was to become a global superpower, an inspiration to many, an object of the hatred of many more. Possibly more important was the role the memory of the October Revolution played in the mythology of the Soviet Union throughout its entire existence. Along with the doctrine of Marxism-Leninism and the Communist Party edifice, the legacy of October was one of the pillars upon which the Soviet Union supported itself and justified its form and existence.   " Whatever legitimacy the Soviet regime could once claim, in its own eyes and in that of the outside world," claims Martin Malia, "depended - on the socialist reality of October."3 In the Soviet Union, the October Revolution was officially viewed as the ultimate endorsement of the Communist Party and Marxism-Leninism by the people of Russia.   The toiling masses, achieving class-consciousness in the turmoil of the revolutionary cauldron, placed their vanguard at their head and entrusted it with control of the new Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.   They then defended it against the attacks of the counterrevolutionaries, and would continue to do so until the worldwide socialist revolution, the establishment of global communism, and th... ...dy, 507. 25.   Sukhanov, Russian Revolution, 550. 26.   Daniels, Conscience of the Revolution, 64. 27.   Ibid., 63. 28.   Robert Daniels, ed.   A Documentary History of Communism (New York: Random House, 1984), I, 102. 29.   Lenin qtd. in Daniels, Conscience of the Revolution, 65. 30. Ibid., 63. 31.   Figes, People's Tragedy, 506. 32.   Daniels, Conscience of the Revolution, 147. 33.   Figes, People's Tragedy, 464. 34.   Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 43. 35.   Sukhanov, Russian Revolution, 553 - 555. 36.   Figes, People's Tragedy, 519. 37.   Daniels, Conscience of the Revolution, 110. 38.   Ibid., 113. 39.   See Figes, People's Tragedy, 590 - 594. 40.   Daniels, Conscience of the Revolution, 119. 41.   Ibid., 121. 42.   Malia, Soviet Tragedy, 103 - 104.

Break Even Analysis

The above breakeven analysis of each variable displays the combination of the variables that result in a break-even position for the Beta project at ABC Corporation. For example, the 6% sales growth rate would result in a break-even for the project if the operating expenses grow at 8%. Other ratios are derived from sales and operating expenses so that their growth rates are also reflective of the â€Å"critical† rates – below these rates, the break-even would be violated.The forecasts of the variables depict the estimates made by ABC Corporation for each of the variables in the context of market information and judgment. In this case, all of the values are above the critical value thus it has to be re-calculated whether the combination results in a break-even or not. For example, the operating expenses growth rate increased by 46. 7% while sales growth rate was up by only 14. 3%. The balancing factors have to re-evaluated in order to deduce whether the break-even is ach ieved or not.This can be done by adding up the values in the %change column – assigning a positive to sales/revenue increases and a negative to cost heads. b. Which variables are most critical to the success of the beta project? (2 points) There are two methods of judging the critical factors to the success of this project: one would be to compare the critical values of the different variables while the other would be find the variances of each of the percentage changes in the values of different variables.Following the first method, it would lead to the conclusion that the gross profit margin is the most critical factor having a 28% critical value. Following the second method, the operating expenses would be the most critical variable. The justification for each of the methods stands valid in their grounds. However, for this project, it would be more suitable to state that the operating expenses is the most critical factor followed closely by the base sales for 2008 and then the gross profit margin. c. Why would it be helpful to know which variables are most critical to the success of the project?(5 points) Projects often fail when managers and controllers spend time and money on processes covering variables that are of little importance. Understanding the critical factors of a project helps project managers to focus on the processes that are relatively more important and achieve targets that would satisfy the critical limits of the variables. Essentially speaking, critical variables should be known in order to make decisions as the project progresses and decide where and when to make changes that would affect the critical variables (and how will it affect the

A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management

PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Vol. 16, No. 6, November-December 2007, pp. 780 –790 issn 1059-1478 07 1606 780$1. 25 POMS doi 10. 3401/poms.  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Jeffery S. Smith †¢ Kirk R. Karwan †¢ Robert E. MarklandDepartment of Marketing, Florida State University, Rovetta Business Building, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA Department of Business and Accounting, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, USA Management Science Department, Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA [email  protected] fsu. edu †¢kirk. [email  protected] edu †¢[email  protected] sc. edu e present an empirical assessment of the productivity of individuals and institutions in terms of service operations management (SOM) research.We reviewed ? ve mainstream operation s management journals over a 17-year time period to generate a sample of 463 articles related to service operations. The results indicate that SOM research has been growing and key contributions are being made by an array of researchers and institutions. Key words: research productivity; research review; service operations Submissions and Acceptance: Original submission: Received November 2005; revisions received July 2006 and October 2007; accepted October 2007 by Aleda Roth. W 1. IntroductionThe transformation of industrialized economies from a manufacturing base to a service orientation is a continuing phenomenon. The trend is readily apparent in the United States where, by virtually all accounts, over 80% of private sector employment is engaged in some sort of service work (Karmarkar, 2004). Despite this, observers of research in operations management (OM) have long been critical of the ? eld for not transitioning in a similar manner. One study by Pannirselvam et al. (1999) revi ewed 1,754 articles between 1992 and 1997 in seven key OM journals and reported only 53 (2. 7%) addressed service-related problems.Roth and Menor (2003) also voiced concern about a paucity of research in presenting a Service Operations Management (SOM) research agenda for the future. Regardless of the exact ? gures, there is clearly enormous potential and need for research in the service operations arena. Recent developments within the discipline are encouraging. For example, Production and Operations Management (POM) and the Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) have taken several steps to facilitate research in service operations. First, the journal recently published three focused issues on 780 service operations.Second, POMS created a society subdivision, the College of Service Operations, that has hosted several national and international meetings. Finally, the journal now has an autonomous editorial department dedicated to service operations. Other initiatives to promote the service operations management ? eld include the establishment of IBM’s Service Science, Management, and Engineering initiative (Spohrer et al. , 2007) and the Institute for Operations Research and Management Science Section on Service Science. To a large extent, the service operations ? eld has long been considered to occupy a niche within operations management.If service operations management researchers are to establish themselves ? rmly within the OM community, it is our contention that their theoretical contributions to leading academic journals must be more widely recognized and their relevance to practice acknowledged. As a part of the effort to encourage this progress, the purpose of this note is twofold: (1) to demonstrate that published work in the key operations journals is indeed showing an upward trend and (2) to facilitate research of individual scholars by identifying the individuals and institutions that have contributed most to the ? ld of service operations. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society 781 2. Methodology and Results Although much more complex mechanisms exist to measure â€Å"contribution,† we relied on a straightforward approach to assess contributions by individuals and institutions. We considered four issues: (1) the time frame for the review, (2) the journals to be included, (3) the metric for productivity, and (4) the means to identify the articles to be included.First, we selected a 17-year time frame beginning with 1990 and running through 2006 because we believed that this interval would provide a comprehensive picture of the service operations ? eld as it has developed, as well as an opportunity to detect any overall trends. Next, we limited our assessment to the outlets identi? ed by the University of Texas at Dallas as the premier journ als in operations management (see http://citm. utdallas. edu/ utdrankings/).These include 3 journals dedicated to OM, the Journal of Operations Management (JOM), Manufacturing and Service Operations Management (MSOM), and POM, and two multidisciplinary journals, Management Science (MS) and Operations Research (OR). Third, we assessed scholarly productivity by counting the number of research articles attributable to both individuals and their academic institutions, assigning a weight of 1/n to an author and his or her institution if an article had multiple (â€Å"n†) authors. The ? al issue to determine was what constituted a SOM article. We ? rst eliminated any article or research note that centered on agriculture, mining, or manufacturing. Then, two authors served as independent judges to determine whether an article employed an operations focus while addressing a service-speci? c problem or situation. In cases where there was disTable 1 Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 19 96 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Totals Service % agreement between the two raters, the third author made the ? al decision. Consequently, an article was excluded if it developed a generic operations model or involved an operations topic that was discussed in a general way and was applicable in either a manufacturing or a service environment. When an article made speci? c reference to service contexts and elaborated on them, it was included. To clarify this point, consider the case of an article investigating an inventory-positioning policy between a manufacturer and a series of retailers.The article would be included as pertaining to service operations if it took the perspective of the retail operation but would be excluded if it took the manufacturing viewpoint. Using this methodology, we identi? ed 463 distinct service operations articles (see the Appendix for a complete list) and recorded information on the author(s) and author af? liation(s) at the time of p ublication. The numerical summary of articles is shown in Table 1, with each journal’s share of service operations articles.Over the 17-year period JOM, MSOM, and POM all exceeded 15% of service articles with respect to the total number of articles published, with OR and MS publishing somewhat smaller percentages. Additionally, there is an upward trend in the total number of service articles appearing in all ? ve journals, with a marked increase in the past 3 years (see Figure 1). With regard to JOM and POM, part of this move is attributable to the publication of special issues, which is a positive development because it demonstrates a heightened emphasis originating at the editorial level.The total number of individuals appearing in the sample pool was 799. In Table 2, we list 27 individuals Distribution of Service Operations Publications by Selected Journal and Year JOM 4 1 n/a 2 1 4 3 1 3 3 6 5 8 3 7 11 13 75 15. 4 MS 3 9 5 4 5 12 4 8 11 15 5 7 3 4 11 16 13 135 6. 5 MSOM n /a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 3 5 3 1 5 5 6 28 16. 8 OR 10 5 10 12 6 8 6 7 10 5 9 5 8 6 11 16 16 150 10. 1 POM n/a n/a 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 11 2 4 4 14 11 3 9 75 17. 9 Total 17 15 18 19 14 27 16 18 27 34 25 26 26 28 45 51 57 463 Service % 7. 0 6. 7 6. 6 7. 8 5. 9 8. 9 6. 3 7. 0 9. 2 12. 5 9. 0 9. 2 8. 8 10. 7 15. 17. 2 17. 2 10. 0 Note. n/a (not applicable) indicates that no issue was published in the speci? c journal in the target year; totals indicate the sum of all service operations articles in the noted year/journal; service % indicates the representation of service articles in comparison to the total number of articles published. 782 Figure 1 Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society Distribution of Service Articles over the Investigation Period 70Number of Service Articles 60 50 40 30 20 10 2001 2004 1990 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2003 1994 1999 1991 1992 1996 1997 Year who contributed the most articles on SOM in the ? ve journals. We conducted the same analysis by institution, and it resulted in 343 organizations appearing in the sample. Columbia University contributed the most articles, with a score of 16. 17. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Pennsylvania followed with productivity scores greater than 12. Table 3 lists the remainder of the 26 most productive institutions.Although clearly dependent upon the journals within the sample, an important conclusion that might Table 2 Name Ward Whitt Gary Thompson Stefanos Zenios Scott Sampson Richard Chase Arnold Barnett Kenneth Boyer Arthur Hill Aleda Roth Robert Shumsky Dimitris Bertsimas Susan Meyer Goldstein Julie Hays Ananth Iyer Andreas Soteriou Cynthia Barnhart Vishal Gaur Deborah Kellogg Larry Jacobs Marshall Fisher Francois Soumis William L Cooper Jean Harvey Serguei Netessine Gerard Cacho n Kingshuk Sinha Avishai Mandelbaum Individual Author Contributions Productivity score 8. 0 5. 50 3. 33 3. 33 3. 17 2. 90 2. 67 2. 67 2. 67 2. 53 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 42 2. 33 2. 25 2. 20 2. 17 2. 03 2. 00 2. 00 2. 00 1. 83 1. 83 1. 83 be drawn from Tables 2 and 3 is that the key contributions in SOM research are diverse and originate from a broad array of authors and institutions. Many of these authors and institutions are known to approach the ? eld from normative or prescriptive perspectives and others from more empirical or descriptive perspectives.In fact, Gupta, Verma, and Victorino (2006) recently noted that much of the growth in service research has come from studies that completely or partially employed empirical research methodologies. This increased emphasis on empirical studies bodes well for the â€Å"new† and growing ? eld. Table 3 Institution Institutional Contributions Productivity score 16. 17 16. 05 13. 41 12. 17 8. 75 8. 15 6. 75 6. 67 6. 67 6. 17 5. 77 5. 67 5. 67 5. 58 5. 50 5. 42 4. 95 4. 87 4. 75 4. 70 4. 50 4. 50 4. 42 4. 33 4. 33 4. 08Columbia University Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Minnesota University of Pennsylvania University of Southern California Michigan State University University of Texas at Austin Stanford University Purdue University Cornell University Carnegie Mellon University University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Georgia Institute of Technology University of Utah New York University Harvard University Northern Illinois University University of Rochester Southern Methodist University Naval Postgraduate School AT&T University of Cyprus University of California at Los Angeles University of Maryland Vanderbilt University University of Michigan 2006 2005Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society 783 3. Concluding Comments â € ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A variety of forces appear to be stimulating a longexpected increase in research emphasis on service operations management. Because service organizations and issues increasingly dominate the global economy, a greater emphasis on SOM research seems important and inevitable. With operations management journals and related professional societies simultaneously providing visibility for researchers and their efforts, it is likely that we will move forward toward a clearer and more robust SOM research paradigm.Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers and the editorial team for their insightful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Appendix Journal of Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Davis, 1990, An analysis of customer satisfaction with waiting times in a two-stage service process. Mabert, 1990, Measuring the impact of part-time workers in service organizations. Mersha, 1990, Enhancing the customer contact model. Thompson, 1990, Shift scheduling in services when employees have limited availability. Haynes, 1991, Management of technology in service ? rms. Banker, 1993, Integrated system design and operational decisions for service sector outlets.Thompson, 1993, Accounting for the multi-period impact of service when determining employee requirements for labor scheduling. Rajagopalan, 1994, Retail stocking decisions with order and stock sales. Heineke, 1995, Strategic operations management decisions and professional performance in U. S. HMOs. Karmarkar, 1995, Service markets and competition. Kellogg, 1995, A framework for strategic service management. Thompson, 1995, Labor scheduling using NPV estimates of the marginal bene? t of additional labor capacity. Archer, 1996, Consumer response to service and product quality. Butler, 1996, The operations management role in hospital strategic planning. Klassen, 1996, Scheduling outpatient appointments in a dynamic environment.Youngdahl, 1997, The relationship between service customers’ quality assurance behaviors, satisfaction, and effort. Harvey, 1998, Service quality. Narasimhan, 1998, Reengineering service operations. Soteriou, 1998, Linking the customer contact model to service quality. Simons, 1999, Process design in a down-sizing service operation. Smith, 1999, The relationship of strategy, ? t, productivity, and business performance in a services setting. Stank, 1999, Effect of service supplier performance on †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ satisfaction and loyalty of store managers in the fast food industry. Ketzenberg, 2000, Inventory policy for dense retail outlets. Metters, 2000, A typology of de-coupli ng strategies in mixed services.Miller, 2000, Service recovery. Sarkis, 2000, An analysis of the operational ef? ciency of major airports in the United States. Seung-Chul, 2000, Flexible bed allocation and performance in the intensive care unit. Verma, 2000, Con? gurations of low-contact services. Boone, 2001, The effect of information technology on learning in professional service organizations. Hays, 2001, A preliminary investigation of the relationships between employee motivation/vision, service learning, and perceived service quality. McFadden, 2001, Operations safety. Meyer-Goldstein, 2001, An empirical test of the causal relationships in the Baldrige Health Care Pilot Criteria.Pullman, 2001, Service design and operations strategy formulation in multicultural markets. Boyer, 2002, E-services. Cook, 2002, Human issues in service design. Hill, 2002, Research opportunities in service process design. Li, 2002, The impact of strategic operations management decisions on community ho spital performance. Menor, 2002, New service development. Meyer-Goldstein, 2002, The effect of location, strategy, and operations technology on hospital performance. Meyer-Goldstein, 2002, The service concept. Simons, 2002, A case study of batching in a mass service operation. Detert, 2003, The measurement of quality management culture in schools. Sa? zadeh, 2003, An empirical analysis of ? ancial services processes with a front-of? ce or back-of? ce orientation. Youngdahl, 2003, Revisiting customer participation in service encounters. Frohle, 2004, New measurement scales for evaluating perceptions of the technology-mediated customer service experience. Pagell, 2004, Assessing the impact of alternative manufacturing layouts in a service setting. Rabinovich, 2004, Physical distribution service quality in internet retailing: Service pricing, transaction attributes, and ? rm attributes. Stuart, 2004, Toward an integrative approach to designing service experiences. Sun, 2004, Assessing joint maintenance shops in the Taiwanese Army using data envelop analysis.Tucker, 2004, The impact of operational failures on hospital nurses and their patients. Zhao, 2004, Quality management and organizational context in selected service industries of China. Boyer, 2005, Extending the supply chain. Chesteen, 2005, Comparing quality of care in non-pro? t and for-pro? t nursing homes. Jambulingam, 2005, Entrepreneurial orientation as a basis for classi? cation within a service industry. 784 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Kimes, 2005, An evaluation of heuristic methods for determining the best table mix in full-se rvice restaurants. Meyer-Goldstein, 2005, Linking publicness to operations management practices. Narasimhan, 2005, Ef? cient service location design in government services. Olson, 2005, Operational, economic and mission elements in not-for-pro? t organizations. Thirumalai, 2005, Customer satisfaction with order ful? llment in retail supply chains. Thompson, 2005, Using information on unconstrained student demand to improve university course schedules. Voss, 2005, Managerial choice and performance in service management. Wisner, 2005, The service volunteer–loyalty chain.Apte, 2006, Analysis and improvement of delivery operations at the San Francisco public library. Boyer, 2006, Customer behavioral intentions for online purchases. de Treville, 2006, Applying operations management logic and tools to save lives. Dilts, 2006, Impact of role in the decision to fail. Gowen, 2006, Exploring the ef? cacy of healthcare quality practices, employee commitment, and employee control. Hays, 2006, Service guarantee strength. Hume, 2006, Understanding the service experience in nonpro? t performing arts. Karwan, 2006, Integrating service design principles and information technology to improve delivery and productivity in public sector operations. Li, 2006, Hospital technology and nurse staf? ng management decisions.Sampson, 2006, Optimization of volunteer labor assignments. Simpson, 2006, Modeling of residential structure ? re response. Sulek, 2006, Measuring performance in multi-stage service operations. Verma, 2006, Using a market-utility-based approach to designing public services. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Management Science †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Batta, 1990, Covering-location models for emergency situation that require mult iple response units. Bechtold, 1990, Implicit modeling of ? exible break assignments in optimal shift scheduling. Psaraftis, 1990, Routing and scheduling on a shoreline with release times. Abramson, 1991, Constructing school timetables using simulated annealing.Bard, 1991, Designing telecommunications networks for the reseller market. Domich, 1991, Locating tax facilities. Easton, 1991, Suf? cient working subsets for the tour scheduling problem. Jagannathan, 1991, Storing crossmatched blood. Lovell, 1991, The allocation of consumer incentives to meet simultaneous sales quotas. Mandell, 1991, Modeling effectiveness– equity trade-offs in public service delivery systems. Ray, 1991, Resource-use ef? ciency in public schools. Simms, 1991, An information processing model of a police organization. Gleeson, 1992, Renovation of public housing. Ho, 1992, Minimizing total cost in scheduling outpatient appointments.Rabinowitz, 1992, A nonlinear heuristic short-term model for hydroelectri c energy production. Sherali, 1992, An integrated simulation and dynamic programming approach for determining optimal runway exit locations. Whitt, 1992, Understanding the ef? ciency of multi-server service systems. Grabowski, 1993, An expert system for maritime pilots. Graves, 1993, Flight crew scheduling. Hoffman, 1993, Solving airline crew scheduling problems by branch-and-cut. Moskowitz, 1993, A multistage screening model for evaluation and control of misclassi? cation error in the detection of hypertension. Brimberg, 1994, Economic development of groundwater in arid zones with applications to the Negev Desert, Israel.Jarrah, 1994, Equipment selection and machine scheduling in general mail facilities. Jarrah, 1994, Solving large-scale tour scheduling problems. Krass, 1994, A network model to maximize Navy personnel readiness and its solution. Lynch, 1994, Regulatory measurement and evaluation of telephone service quality. Apte, 1995, Global disaggregation of information-intensiv e services. Darr, 1995, The acquisition, transfer, and depreciation of knowledge in service organizations. Fladmoe-Lindquist, 1995, Control modes in international service operations. Kellogg, 1995, Constructing an empirically derived measure for customer contact. McLaughlin, 1995, Professional service organizations and focus.O’Kelley, 1995, Lower bounds for the hub location problem. Peterson, 1995, Models and algorithms for transient queuing congestions at airports. Roth, 1995, Strategic determinants of service quality and performance. Sampson, 1995, Increasing service levels in conference and educational scheduling. Sulek, 1995, The impact of a customer service intervention and facility design on ? rm performance. Swersey, 1995, An integer programming model for locating vehicle emissions testing stations. Thompson, 1995, Improved implicit optimal modeling of the labor shift scheduling problem. Ahn, 1996, Involving patients in the cadaveric kidney transplant allocation proces s. Dittus, 996, Medical resident work schedules. Gerchak, 1996, Reservation planning for elective surgery under uncertain demand for emergency surgery. Jacobs, 1996, Overlapping start-time bands in implicit tour scheduling. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 785 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Archibald, 1997, An optimal policy for a two depot inventory problem with stock transfer. Desaulniers, 1997, Daily aircraft routing and scheduling. Eisenstein, 1997, Garbage collection in Chicago.Gavish, 1997, LEOS—Optimal satellite launch policies. Mukhopadhyay, 1997, Information technology impact on process ou tput and quality. Sherali, 1997, Static and dynamic time-space strategic models and algorithms for multilevel rail-car ? eet management. Sueyoshi, 1997, Measuring ef? ciencies and returns to scale of Nippon Telegraph & Telephone in production and cost analyses. Wilhelm, 1997, Prescribing tactical response for oil spill cleanup operations. Athanassopoulos, 1998, Decision support for target-based resource allocation of public services in multiunit and multilevel systems. Berk, 1998, The impact of discharge decisions on health care quality.Brusco, 1998, Personnel tour scheduling when startingtime restrictions are present. Gilbert, 1998, Incentive effects favor nonconsolidating queues in a service system. Laguna, 1998, Applying robust optimization to capacity expansion of one location in telecommunications with demand uncertainty. Lewis, 1998, Staf? ng and allocation of workers in an administrative of? ce. Lipscomb, 1998, Combining expert judgment by hierarchical modeling. Lobel, 1998, Vehicle scheduling in public transit and Lagrangean pricing. Mandelbaum, 1998, On pooling in queuing networks. Reddy, 1998, SPOT: Scheduling programs optimally for television. Shumsky, 1998, Optimal updating of forecasts for the timing of future events.Barnett, 1999, A â€Å"parallel approach† path to estimating collision risk during simultaneous landings. Campbell, 1999, Cross-utilization of workers whose capabilities differ. Frei, 1999, Process variation as a determinant of bank performance. Gardner, 1999, Planning electric power systems under demand uncertainty with different technology lead times. Gawande, 1999, Measures of effectiveness for governmental organizations. Grifell-Tatje, 1999, Pro? ts and productivity. Grosskophf, 1999, Anticipating the consequences of school reform. Krishnan, 1999, Customer satisfaction for ? nancial services. Myung, 1999, Design of communication networks with survivability constraints. Soteriou, 1999, Operations, quality, and pro? ability i n the provision of banking services. van Ryzin, 1999, On the relationship between inventory costs and variety bene? ts in retail assortments. Whitt, 1999, Improving service by informing customers about anticipated delays. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Whitt, 1999, Partitioning customers into service groups. Whitt, 1999, Predicting queuing delays. Ziarati, 1999, A branch-? rst, cut-second approach for locomotive assignment. Brusco, 2000, Optimal models for meal-break and starttime ? exibility in continuous tour scheduling. Johnson, 2000, Decision support for a housing mobility program using a multiobjective optimization model.Park, 2000, Telecommunication node clustering with node compatibility and network survivability requirements. Van Ryzin, 2000, Revenue management without forecasting or optimization. Zenios, 2000, Managing the delivery of dialysis therapy. Aksin, 2001, Modeling a phone center. Bonser, 2001, Procurement planning to maintain both short-term adaptiveness and long-term perspective. Fischetti, 2001, A polyhedral approach to simpli? ed crew scheduling and vehicle scheduling problems. Kara, 2001, The latest arrival hub location problem. Oliva, 2001, Cutting corners and working overtime. Pisano, 2001, Organizational differences in rates of learning. Stojkovic, 2001, An optimization model for the simultaneous operational ? ight and pilot scheduling problem.Lovejoy, 2002, Hospital operating room capacity expansion. Zenios, 2002, Optimal control of a paired-kidney exchange program. Zohar, 2002, Adaptive behavior of impatient customers in tele-queues. Boyd, 2003, Revenue management and e-commerce. Chao, 2003, Resource allocation in multisite service systems with intersite customer ? ows. Deshpande, 2003, A threshold inventory rationing policy for service-differentiated demand classes. Iyer, 2003, A postponement model for demand management. Alagoz, 2004, The optimal timing of living-donor liver transplantation. Avramidis, 2004, Modeling daily arrivals to a telephone call center. Berger, 2004, Long-distance access network design.Felici, 2004, A polyhedral approach for the staff rostering problem. Green, 2004, Improving emergency responsiveness with management science. Ho, 2004, Setting customer expectation in service delivery. Kim, 2004, Managing capacity through reward programs. Lira, 2004, Metaheuristics with local search techniques for retail shelf-space optimization. Sohoni, 2004, Long-range reserve crew manpower planning. Vickery, 2004, The performance implications of media richness in a business-to-business service environment. Whitt, 2004, Ef? ciency-driven heavy-traf? c approximations for many-server queues with abandonments. Aviv, 2005, A partially observed Markov decision pro cess for dynamic pricing.Banker, 2005, Productivity change, technical progress, and relative ef? ciency change in the public accounting industry. 786 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bapna, 2005, Pricing and allocation for quality-differentiated online services. Campbell, 2005, Hub arc location problems. Cook, 2005, Optimal allocation of proposals to reviewers to facilitate effective ranking. Craft, 2005, Analyzing bioterror response logistics. e Jong, 2005, Antecedents and conseq uences of group potency. Gaur, 2005, An econometric analysis of inventory turnover performance in retail services. Kwasnica, 2005, A new and improved design for multiobject iterative auctions. Naveh, 2005, Treatment errors in healthcare. Netessine, 2005, Revenue management games. Reagans, 2005, Individual experience and experience working together. Terwiesch, 2005, Online haggling at a name-your-ownprice retailer. Wee, 2005, Optimal policies for transshipping inventory in a retail network. Whitt, 2005, Engineering solution of a basic call-center model. Zhao, 2005, Inventory sharing and rationing in decentralized dealer networks.Anderson, 2006, Measuring and mitigating the costs of stockouts. Ata, 2006, Dynamic control of an M/M/1 service system with adjustable arrival and service rates. Bernstein, 2006, Coordinating supply chains with simple pricing schemes. Bolton, 2006, The effect of service experiences over time on a supplier’s retention of business customers. Czerwinski, 2006, Airlines as baseball players. Faraj, 2006, Coordination in fast-response organizations. Gaur, 2006, Assortment planning and inventory decisions under a locational choice model. Huckman, 2006, The ? rm speci? city of individual performance. Lapre, 2006, Organizational learning curves for customer dissatisfaction.Netessine, 2006, Supply chain choice on the internet. Sosic, 2006, Transshipment of inventories among retailers. Su, 2006, Recipient choice can address the ef? ciency-equity trade-off in kidney transplantation. Taylor, 2006, An empirical examination of the decision to invest in ful? llment capabilities. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Swami, 2001, Play it again, Sam? Optimal replacement policies for a motion picture exhibitor. Garnett, 2002, Designing a call center with impatient customers. Huchzermeier, 2002, The supply chain impact of smart customers in a promotional environment. Johnson, 2002, Performance analysis of split-case sorting systems. Gans, 2003, Te lephone call centers.Barnhart, 2004, Airline schedule planning. Gallego, 2004, Revenue management of ? exible products. Gunes, 2004, Value creation in service delivery. Lariviere, 2004, Strategically seeking service. Su, 2004, Patient choice in kidney allocation. Cachon, 2005, Retail assortment planning in the presence of consumer search. Chen, 2005, Quantifying the value of lead time information in a single-location inventory system. Gaur, 2005, Hedging inventory risk through market investments. Harrison, 2005, A method for staf? ng large call centers based on stochastic ? uid models. Wallace, 2005, A staf? ng algorithm for call centers with skill-based routing.Caggiano, 2006, Integrated real-time capacity and inventory allocation for repairable service parts in a two-echelon supply system. Cooper, 2006, Stochastic comparisons in airline revenue management systems. Elhedhli, 2006, Service system design with immobile servers, stochastic demand, and congestion. Ferguson, 2006, Supply chain coordination for false failure returns. Schwarz, 2006, On the interactions between routing and inventory-management polices in a one-warehouse n-retailer distribution system. Whitt, 2006, The impact of increased employee retention on performance in a customer contact center. Operations Research †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Manufacturing & Service Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Pinker, 2000, The ef? ciency– quality trade-off of crosstrained workers.So, 2000, Price and time competition for service delivery. Soteriou, 2000, A robust optimization approach for improving service quality. Cachon, 2001, Managing a retailer’s shelf space, inventory, and transportation. Fisher, 2001, Optimizing inventory replenishment of retail fashion products. Heim, 2001, Operational drivers of customer loyalty in electronic retailing. Menor, 2001, Agility in retail banking. †¢ †¢ Barthol di, 1990, Scheduling interviews for a job fair. Berg, 1990, Customer delay in M/G/(in? nity) repair systems with spares. Brown, 1990, Annual scheduling of Atlantic ? eet naval combatants. Daduna, 1990, Exchangeable items in repair systems.Ferland, 1990, Decision support system for the school districting problem. Ford, 1990, Estimating the impact of ef? ciency standards on the uncertainty of the northwest electric system. Gopalan, 1990, Modeling equity of risk in transportation of hazardous materials. Hamblin, 1990, Optimizing simulation for policy analysis in a residential energy end-of-use model. Sherali, 1990, A two-phase decomposition approach for electric utility capacity expansion planning including nondispatchable technologies. Yamani, 1990, Single aircraft mid-air refueling using spherical distances. Altinkemer, 1991, Parallel savings based heuristics for the delivery problem.Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Opera tions Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 787 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Hof, 1991, A multilevel analysis of production capabilities of the national forest system. Kent, 1991, Natural resource land management planning using large-scale linear programs. Kraay, 1991, Optimal pacing of trains in freight railroads. Kwun, 1991, Joint optimal planning of industrial congeneration and conventional electricity systems. Agnihothri, 1992, Performance evaluation of service territories.Avery, 1992, Optimization of purchase, storage, and transmission contracts for natural gas utilities. Hartley, 1992, Military operations research. Jack, 1992, Design and implementation of an interactive optimization system f or telephone network planning. Klimberg, 1992, Improving the effectiveness of FDA drug inspection. Ng, 1992, A multicriteria optimization approach to aircraft loading. Oren, 1992, Design and management of curtailable electricity service to reduce annual peaks. Stroup, 1992, A fuel management model for the airline industry. Weatherford, 1992, A taxonomy and research overview of perishable-asset revenue management. Wollmer, 1992, An airline seat anagement model for a single leg routine when lower fare classes book ? rst. Ball, 1993, A reliability model applied to emergency service vehicle location. Berge, 1993, Demand driven dispatch. Bradley, 1993, Measuring performance in a multiproduct ? rm. Brumelle, 1993, Airline seat allocation with multiple nested fare classes. Caulkins, 1993, Local drug markets’ response to focused police enforcement. Caulkins, 1993, The on-time machines. Fleurent, 1993, Allocating games for the NHL using integer programming. Franz, 1993, Scheduling med ical residents to rotations. Martin, 1993, Design and implementation of an expert system for controlling health care costs.Rautman, 1993, Scheduling the disposal of nuclear waster material in a geologic repository using the transportation model. Soumis, 1993, A stochastic, multiclass airline network equilibrium model. Terrab, 1993, Strategic ? ow management for air traf? c control. Blanco, 1994, A sea story. Reisman, 1994, Operations research in libraries. Ringel, 1994, A stochastic analysis of state transitions in an air-space management system. Russell, 1994, Devising a cost effective schedule for a baseball league. Vranas, 1994, The multi-airport ground-holding problem in air traf? c control. Weintraub, 1994, A heuristic system to solve mixed integer forest planning models.Barnhart, 1995, Deadhead selection for the long-haul crew pairing problem. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bitran, 1995, An application of yield management to the hotel industry considering multiple day stays. Brusco, 1995, Improving personnel scheduling at airline stations. Kaplan, 1995, Probability models of needle exchange. Keeney, 1995, Evaluating improvements in electric utility reliability at British Columbia hydro. Peterson, 1995, Decomposition algorithms for analyzing transient phenomena in multiclass queuing networks in air transportation. Richetta, 1995, Optimal algorithms and a remarkably ef? cient heuristic for the ground-holding problem in air traf? c control.Robinson, 1995, Optimal and approximate control policies for airline booking with sequential nonmonotonic fare classes. Barnhart, 1996, Air network design for express shipment service. Bitran, 1996, Managing hotel reservations with uncertain arrivals. Eisenstein, 1996, Separating logistics ? ows in th e Chicago public school system. Maclellan, 1996, Basing airtankers for forest ? re control in Ontario. Rosenthal, 1996, Optimizing ? ight operations for an aircraft carrier in transit. Thompson, 1996, DEA/assurance region SBDC ef? ciency and unique projections. Ahmadi, 1997, Managing capacity and ? ow at theme parks. Bevers, 1997, Spatial optimization of prairie dog colonies for black-footed ferret recovery.Bukiet, 1997, A Markov chain approach to baseball. Day, 1997, Flight attendant rostering for short-haul airline operations. Eppen, 1997, Improved fashion buying with Bayesian updates. Griggs, 1997, An air mission planning algorithm using decision analysis and mixed integer programming. Vance, 1997, Airline crew scheduling. Andreatta, 1998, Multiairport ground holding problem. Bertsimas, 1998, The air traf? c ? ow management problem with enroute capacities. Bixby, 1998, Solving a truck dispatching scheduling problem using branch-and-cut. Caprara, 1998, Modeling and solving the cre w rostering problem. Chatwin, 1998, Multiperiod airline overbooking with a single fare class.Gopalan, 1998, The aircraft maintenance routing problem. Lederer, 1998, Airline network design. Mason, 1998, Integrated simulation, heuristic and optimisation approaches to staff scheduling. Nemhauser, 1998, Scheduling a major college basketball conference. Savelsbergh, 1998, Drive: Dynamic routing of independent vehicles. Gamachea, 1999, A column generation approach for largescale aircrew rostering problems. Hobbs, 1999, Stochastic programming-based bounding of 788 Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ expected production costs for multiarea electric power systems. Keeney, 1999, Identifying and structuring values to guide integrated resource planning at BC Gas. Mingozzi, 1999, A set partitioning approach to the crew scheduling problem. Murty, 1999, The U. S. Army National Guard’s mobile training simulators location and routing problem. Barnett, 2000, Free-? ight and en route air safety. Barnhart, 2000, Railroad blocking. Bashyam, 2000, Service design and price competition in business information services. Feng, 2000, Optimal policies of yield management with multiple predetermined prices.Haight, 2000, An integer optimization approach to a probabilistic reserve site selection problem. Hoffman, 2000, A comparison of formulations for the single-airport ground-holding problem with banking constraints. Smith, 2000, Management of multi-item retail inventory systems with demand substitu tion. Van Slyke, 2000, Finite horizon stochastic knapsacks with applications to yield management. Zenios, 2000, Dynamic allocation of kidneys to candidates on the transplant waiting list. Barnett, 2001, Safe at home? Cai, 2001, Solving large nonconvex water resources management models using generalized benders decomposition. Cordeau, 2001, Simultaneous assignment of locomotives and cars to passenger trains.Feng, 2001, A dynamic airline seat inventory control model and its optimal policy. Henz, 2001, Scheduling a major college basketball conference—Revisited. Baker, 2002, Optimizing military aircraft. Camm, 2002, Nature reserve site selection to maximize expected species covered. Caprara, 2002, Modeling and solving the train timetabling problem. Cooper, 2002, Asymptotic behavior of an allocation policy for revenue management. Cooper, 2002, An illustrative application of IDEA (imprecise data envelopment analysis) to a Korean telecommunication company. Gans, 2002, Managing learn ing and turnover in employee staf? ng. Netessine, 2002, Flexible service capacity. Powell, 2002, Implementing real-time optimization models.Bertsimas, 2003, Restaurant revenue management. Brumelle, 2003, Dynamic airline revenue management with multiple semi-Markov demand. Cohn, 2003, Improving crew scheduling by incorporating key maintenance routing decisions. Deshpande, 2003, An empirical study of service differentiation from weapon system service parts. Erhun, 2003, Enterprise-wide optimization of total landed cost at a grocery retailer. Rajaram, 2003, Flow management to optimize retail pro? ts at theme parks. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Armony, 2004, Contact centers with a call-back option and real-time delay information. Armony, 2004, On customer contact centers with a callback option.Bollapragada, 2004, Scheduling commercials on broadcast t elevision. Bollapragada, 2004, Scheduling commercial videotapes in broadcast television. Borst, 2004, Dimensioning large call centers. Cappanera, 2004, A multicommodity ? ow approach to the crew rostering problem. Gaur, 2004, A periodic inventory routing problem at a supermarket chain. Hamacher, 2004, Design of zone tariff systems in public transportation. Karaesmen, 2004, Overbooking with substitutable inventory classes. Qi, 2004, Class scheduling for pilot training. Zhu, 2004, Imprecise DEA via standard linear DEA models with a revisit to Korean mobile telecommunication company. Armstrong, 2005, A stochastic salvo model for naval surface combat.Ata, 2005, Dynamic power control in a wireless static channel subject to a quality-of-service constraint. Bertsimas, 2005, Simulation based booking limits for airline revenue management. Brown, 2005, A two-sided optimization for theater ballistic missile defense. Chardaire, 2005, Solving a time-space network formulation for the convoy movem ent problem. Dasci, 2005, A continuous model for multistore competitive location. De Vericourt, 2005, Managing response time in a callrouting problem with service failure. Holder, 2005, Navy personnel planning and the optimal partition. Jahn, 2005, System-optimal routing of traf? c ? ows with user constraints in networks with congestion. Maglaras, 2005, Pricing and design of differentiated services.Savin, 2005, Capacity management in rental businesses with two customer bases. Shu, 2005, Stochastic transportation-inventory network design problem. Su, 2005, Patient choice in kidney allocation. Wu, 2005, Optimization of in? uenza vaccine selection. Yang, 2005, A multiperiod dynamic model of taxi services with endogenous service intensity. Zhang, 2005, Revenue management for parallel ? ights with customer-choice behavior. Agur, 2006, Optimizing chemotherapy scheduling using local search heuristics. Bassamboo, 2006, Design and control of a large call center. Cook, 2006, Incorporating mul tiprocess performance standards into the DEA framework. Cordeau, 2006, A branch-and-cut algorithm for the diala-ride problem.Dawande, 2006, Effective heuristics for multiproduct partial shipment models. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ 789 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Deshpande, 2006, Ef? cient supply chain management at the U. S. Coast Guard using part-age dependent supply replenishment policies. Fry, 2006, Fire? ghter staf? ng including temporary absences and wastage. Ghiani, 2006, The black and white traveling salesman problem. Green, 2006, Managing patient service in a diagnostic medical facility. Mannino, 2006, The network packing problem in terrestrial broadcasting.Marcus, 2006, Online low price guarantees. Marklund, 2006, Controlling inventories in dive rgent supply chains with advance-order information. Netessine, 2006, Revenue management through dynamic cross selling in e-commerce retailing. Perakis, 2006, An analytical model for traf? c delays and the dynamic user equilibrium problem. Romeijn, 2006, A new linear programming approach to radiation therapy treatment planning problems. Washburn, 2006, Piled-slab searches. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Production and Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Easton, 1992, Analysis of alternative scheduling policies for hospital nurses.Ernst, 1992, Coordination alternatives in a manufacturing/dealer inventory system under stochastic demand. Schneeweiss, 1992, Planning and scheduling the repair shops of the Deutsche Lufthansa AG. Rajago palan, 1993, Allocating and scheduling mobile diagnostic imaging equipment among hospitals. Malhotra, 1994, Scheduling ? exibility in the service sector. Sainfort, 1994, A pavement management decision support system. Cox, 1995, A new learning approach to process improvement in a telecommunications company. Roth, 1995, Hospital resource planning. Schneider, 1995, Power approximations for a two-echelon inventory system using service levels. Chase, 1996, The mall is my factory.Crandall, 1996, Demand management. Joglekar, 1996, A pro? t maximization model for a retailer’s stocking decisions on products subject to sudden obsolescence. Cachon, 1996, Campbell soup’s continuous replenishment program. Clark, 1997, Reengineering channel reordering processes to improve total supply-chain performance. Harvey, 1998, Building the service operations course around a ? eld project. Kolesar, 1998, Insights on service system design from a normal approximation to Erlang’s delay for mula. Lee, 1998, Effects of integrating order/backorder quantity and pricing decisions. Boronico, 1999, Reliability-constrained pricing, capacity, and quality.Cheng, 1999, Optimality of state dependent (s,S) policies in inventory models with Markov demand and lost sales. Cook, 1999, Service typologies. Dasu, 1999, A dynamic process model of dissatisfaction for unfavorable non-routine service encounters. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Dube, 1999, Adapting the QFD approach to extended service transactions. Hays, 1999, The market share impact of service failures. Kapalka, 1999, Retail inventory control with lost sales, service constraints, and factional lead times. Metters, 1999, Measurement of multiple sites in service ? rms with data envelopment analysis. Nie, 1999, How professors of operations management view service operations.Soteriou, 1999, Resource allocation to impro ve service quality perceptions in multistage service systems. Stewart, 1999, The impact of human error on delivering service quality. Anderson, 2000, A simulation game for teaching servicesoriented supply chain management. Petersen, 2000, An evaluation of order picking policies for mail order companies. Chaouch, 2001, Stock levels and delivery rates in vendormanaged inventory programs. Devaraj, 2001, Product and service quality. Hays, 2001, A longitudinal study of the effect of a service guarantee on service quality. Van Woensel, 2001, Managing the environmental externalities of traf? c logistics. Agrawal, 2002, Multi-vendor sourcing in a retail supply chain.Boyer, 2002, Drivers of Internet purchasing success. Heim, 2002, Service process con? gurations in electronic retailing. Tagaras, 2002, Effectiveness of stock transshipment under various demand distributions and nonnegligible transshipment times. Akkermans, 2003, Ampli? cation in service supply chains. Alfaro, 2003, The value of sku rationalization in practice. Athanassopoulos, 2003, Modeling customer satisfaction in telecommunications. Baker, 2003, The bene? ts of optimizing prices to manage demand in hotel revenue management systems. Cayirli, 2003, Outpatient scheduling in health care. Giloni, 2003, Service system design for the property and casualty insurance industry.Goodale, 2003, A market utility-based model for capacity scheduling in mass services. Green, 2003, An improved heuristic for staf? ng telephone call centers with limited operating hours. Kassinis, 2003, Greening the service pro? t chain. Keizers, 2003, Diagnosing order planning performance at a Navy maintenance and repair organization using logistic regression. Meyer-Goldstein, 2003, Employee development. Mondschein, 2003, Appointment policies in service operations. Roth, 2003, Insights into service operations management. Stewart, 2003, Piecing together service quality. Boyaci, 2004, Supply chain coordination in a market with customer serv ice competition.Craighead, 2004, The effects of severity of failure and customer loyalty on service recovery strategies. Field, 2004, Managing quality in the e-service system. Gavish, 2004, Dynamic policies for optimal LEO satellite launches. 790 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Hur, 2004, Real-time work schedule adjustment decisions. Jack, 2004, Volume ? exible strategies in health services. Lapre, 2004, Performance improvement paths in the U. S. airline industry. Napoleon, 2004, The creation of output and quality in services.Sampson, 2004, Practical implications of preference-based conference scheduling. Tsay, 2004, Channel con? ict and coordination in the ecommerce age. Tsikriktsis, 2004, Adoption of e-processes by service ? rms. Chakravarthy, 2005, Optimal workforce mix in service systems with two types of customers. Gaur, 2005, In-store experiments to determine the impact of price on sales. Miller, 2005, A learning real options framework with application to process design and capacity planning. Anderson, 2006, Stochastic optimal control for staf? ng and backlog policies in a two-stage customized service supply chain. Berling, 2006, Heuristic coordination of decentralized inventory systems using induced backorder costs.Boyer, 2006, Analysis of effects of operational execution on repeat purchasing heterogeneous customer segments. Chambers, 2006, Modeling and managing the percentage of satis? ed customers in hidden and revealed waiting line systems. Ferguson, 2006, Information sharing to improve retail product freshness of perishables. Hays, 2006, An extended longitudinal study of the effects of a service guarantee. Rajamani, 2006, A framework to analyze cash supply chains. Sampson, 2006, Foundations and implications of a proposed uni? ed services theory. Whitt, 2006, Staf? ng a call center with uncertain arrival rate and absenteeism. References Gupta, S. , R. Verma, L. Victorino. 2006.Empirical research published in Production and Operations Management (1992–2005): Trends and Future Research Directions. Production and Operations Management 15(3) 432– 448. Karmarkar, U. 2004. 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